Type 2 Fibres Lab Report

If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.

Bulbulian R, Jeong JW, Murphy M (1996). Comparison of Anaerobic Components of the Wingate and Critical Power Tests in Males and Females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol 28:1336-1341

Make three exposures using given technical factors on a phantom knee in PA position . Include saline bags in exposures 1 and 2 to demonstrate patient soft tissue thickness.

These are the smallest of the muscle fibres. These will be red in colour as they have a good blood supply and will also have a dense network of blood vessels. They also contain many mitochondria to make them more efficient at producing energy using oxygen. They contract slowly and also fatigue slowly suiting them best to aerobic endurance activities such as the 10,000m. These fibres are most effective during the middle part of the race when the athlete has found a constant speed, allowing the muscles to work for longer, as they are not being over-exerted. This is because they give there energy over a long period of time allowing the athlete to run for a sustained period of time. They are also slow to fatigue because they have an incredibly high aerobic capacity, meaning the athlete will be able to run long distances without feeling tired. To be able run a long distances, the

Measure the initial width, length, and thickness of the steel specimen using a Dial Caliper. Relieve pressure in Amatrol T9014 and adjust the height of the bottom platform to insert steel specimen. Insert one pin into the bottom platform to hold the steel specimen into the fixture. Slide two locking bars down the steel specimen. Adhere one locking bar to the bottom of the specimen and one at the top, lock them in place using the attached thumb screws. Insert the Linear Vernier Caliper in the top locking bar and zero out the caliper, allowing it to rest on the bottom locking bar. Compress the hydraulic cylinder until the indicator reads a force of zero. Lock the Linear Vernier Caliper in place by tightening the top thumb screw. [1] Compress

Each type of muscle fiber has a different power output. These fibers are fast-twitch, and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Fast-twitch fibers are used for explosive movements that are sustained for a short amount of time. While slow-twitch fibers are used for periods of time when movement is sustained for a long period. Slow-twitch fibers utilize aerobic beta-oxidation for energy. This means this type of muscle fiber uses fatty acids for energy and requires oxygen to break them down. This breakdown takes place within the mitochondria. Fast-twitch fibers get energy from anaerobic glycolysis. Meaning this fiber utilizes the breakdown of glucose without oxygen. Humans are born with these fibers in different proportions than others. Genetics determines the amount of each fiber a person will have, and these pre-genetically determined number of fibers will remain constant throughout a person’s life. Due to the different capabilities of each fiber, the amount of slow and fast-twitch fibers can determine the person’s capability. Therefore, those who have more fast-twitch fibers will jump higher than those with more slow-twitch fibers of the same stature. (BSC 228,

This can be measured by the 20m shuttle run, where the scores achieved by an elite male and female player were 12.8 and 10.8 respectively (Appendix 2). This higher relative VO2 maximum of males is due to cardiac hypertrophy (larger and stronger heart), which increases stroke volume per beat, consequently increasing oxygen circulation. Therefore, male players have a greater aerobic capacity, delaying fatigue and enabling faster recovery between repeated maximal efforts. This is important in Touch Football, which requires many quick bursts of sprinting, with minimal recovery time. The male players spent an average of 20:41 minutes on field in comparison to 18:17 minutes spent by female players (Appendix 2), yet men subbed more frequently (12 average subs in males versus 11 in females) (Appendix 2).

These fibers are known as "white fibers" because they do not contain much blood. The major difference between a and b is type IIa uses oxidative glycolytic which uses oxygen to help convert glycogen to ATP. Type IIb fast glycolytic, which rely on ATP stored in the muscle cell to generate energy. These fast-twitch muscle fibers have a much high activation threshold than slow-twitch. These muscles are activated when slow-twitch are unable to sustain the force needed for the body. The major down fall of type IIa and type IIb is the ability to fatigue quickly. The fast-twitch muscle group is responsible for the growth and shape of particular muscles within the body. Fast-twitch fibers are better suited for weight lifting and sports such as football. Most bodily muscles are evenly made of slow-twitch and fast-twitch

Tube 1 and 2 contain functioning enzyme extract and substrate solution, ribose-5-phosphate. Furthermore, the conditions in tube 1 and 2 allow the reaction to proceed to form ribulose-5-phosphate and the mount of product formed can be measured. With tube 1 and 2 being identical, averaging the absorbance allowed minimizing the error due to differences in enzyme concentration and contaminants within experimental procedure. Tube 3 is used to boil the enzyme extract to investigate the relationship of temperature on the rate of pentose-5-phosphate isomerase activity. Tube 4 and 5 act as controls for the absorbance and the effect of substrate and enzyme on the absorbance reading are investigate respectively.

Respiration rate: Respiration rates for both males and females escalated from sitting to exercising but dropped back after a certain amount of time (Figure 1). Males had greater respiration

Fast twitch fibres have poor aerobic endurance and are better suited to anaerobic activity such as 100m sprint. Fast twitch fibres also have a larger diameter than slow twitch fibres because they have more myosin filaments in them and it

Muscular endurance is very important for people playing sports and who have to sustain an activity for long periods of time. Muscular endurance is determined by how well your slow twitch muscle fibers are developed. In case your wondering what slow twitch muscle fibers are, I will explain. There are generally two types of muscle fibers in your body, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibers cannot exert as much force as fast twitch, but can sustain an effort over a much greater period of time. Fast twitch muscle fibers can exert a great amount of force but for a very limited amount of time. Therefore, slow twitch equals endurance, while fast twitch equals strength.

Women are physically weaker. Their genetic structure is made differently than the males. Susan Brownmiller

Contrary to our findings, this study’s analysis provided evidence for sex differences that could contributions to an energy balance, patterns of EI and weight changes. However, this study has used different methodologies and subject group to carry out their investigation which may have led to this variance in results.