Types Of Plant Material The Ruminant Ingests

When eating anything, most people check the labels to see what the food all consists of. Just like when eating hamburger, some people may want to know if the hamburger came from grass-fed or grain-fed cattle. Depending on the person, they might prefer one over the other. Some people may think that one tastes better than the other or they may just think it is healthier. Not only might the meat coming from the cattle be affected, but also the milk coming from a cow. Either way, further explanations for grass-fed vs. grain-fed cattle will be discussed in this paper.

In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO's, are having more and more of an impact on the environment and people around them. The concentration of animals causes a major problem with the waste products they produce, as well as the gases, chemicals, and other types of byproducts. And the increased use of antibiotics in the animals is beginning to have a profound effect on the health of not only the environment but the communities that exist around these industrialized farms. CAFO's, and their secondary industries, are also a large consumer of oil, gasoline, and other fuels which can have an indirect, but devastating effect on the environment. Luckily there are some who have come to recognize the problems, and potential future problems, involved in this type of animal farming and have begun to inform the public to the dangers these farms pose. And in response to this information, the public is beginning to force changes in the way these CAFO's operate and the impact they have on the environment and

The main reason for which corn is the main crop in America is because it can be easily used for the making of “processed food and hundreds of other products.” Corn has become so convenient, that many factories use it to feed their animals, in order to accelerate their growth. Since it benefits government subsidies, many farmers opt to make a greater profit by changing the way they raise cattle, which also means the amount of animal manure is much greater. Furthermore, since there is “no good way of disposing it,” the grounds are becoming ideal parameters for the breeding of “deadly bacteria,” which brings about the unethical and scientific issues in the industry for these bacteria have found “their way into our food.” Moreover, as confirmed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a corn-based diet can promote Escherichia coli within the “digestive tract of

The main reason for which corn is the main crop in America is because it can be easily used for the making of “processed food and hundreds of other products.” Corn has become so convenient, that many factories use it to feed their animals, in order to accelerate their growth. Since it also benefitted government subsidies, many farmers have opted to make a greater profit by changing the way they raise cattle, which also means the amount of animal manure is much greater. Furthermore, since there is “no good way of disposing of it,” the grounds are becoming ideal parameters for the breeding of “deadly bacteria,” which brings about the ethical and scientific issues in the industry for these bacteria have found “their way into our food.” Moreover, as confirmed by the American Association For The Advancement Of Science, a corn-based diet can promote Escherichia coli within the “digestive tract of

Studies have identified different genera of bacteria which are present in the microbiome and their role in nutrient intake. Gut microbiota has 3 main enterotypes Prevotella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus, there is a strong correlation between the concentration of each bacterial community and the dietary constituents. A diet high in carbohydrates and simple sugars would also indicate and reveal a greater concentration of Prevotella whereas a diet high in protein and animal fats would present a higher concentration of Bacteroides in the gut. A long term change in the diet would permanently shift the concentration of bacteria in the gut to accommodate the new nutrient uptake. This would then change the bacterial barrier in the intestine which could make it more vulnerable due to reduced species richness.

The research in this article focuses on gut bacteria found in people from different cultures and how this can negatively impact us. At the end of the article, Zimmer explains that Americans, residing in a western society, have microbes in the gut that attack the body. He explains that this is because of the carbohydrates attacking the body when not given enough dietary fiber. This problem is not found in foraging cultures because of their seasonally changing food source which positively impacts their body. This is an important discovery of gut bacteria in western culture because now researchers can underscore the importance of dietary fiber in modern industrialized societies with enough evidence to back up their claims. This can also provide insight on how diets in western societies can adapt and change to improve the health and well-being of its people.

Fruits and vegetables provide (FODMAPs) fermentable substrate for predominating pathogenic microbes,2 while necrotized intestinal tissues provide additional substrate for pathogens;

E. coli, Bacteria (Domain), Proteobacteria (Phylum), Gammaproteobacteria (Class), Enterobacteriales (Order), Enterobacteriaceae (Family), Escherichia (Genus), coli (Species), is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, with optimum growing temperatures at 37° C. This bacterium is commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals. E. coli makes up about 0.1% of gut flora and most strains are harmless. Some are part of the normal gut flora and help their host by producing vitamin K2 and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria (CDC, 2014). E. coli makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is limited or absent. The end product of fermentation is lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, and carbon dioxide (CDC, 2014; EPA, 2014).

Even though horse meat is often considered a delicacy overseas, it is not safe for human consumption. The USDA has no supervision or system to track horses’ background or medical history. The Humane Society states that “87 percent of horses slaughtered for export to the E.U. are of U.S. origin.”. When horses from the U.S. are loaded onto trucks, and then taken to either Canada or Mexico for slaughter, there are no preliminary backgrounds supplied of the quality of the horse’s meat. Certain medications or chemical substances the horse could have previously been injected with is not safe for human consumption, and can lead to a plethora of problems for a person’s

This problem is an important issue around the world. In 2003 New Zealand even tried to put a tax on cow flatulence. In New Zealand cows and other livestock produce 34% of their greenhouse gasses. It is said that by 2030, the percentage of gas created by cows could be up by 60%. A cow is a type of animal called a ruminant. Ruminants eat their food and throw it up as cud. After they have thrown it up as cud they eat it again. Cows have four stomachs that they use for digestion and they digest similarly to humans. The stomach of a cow is filled with bacteria that helps them digest foods. Those bacteria also create massive amounts of methane. (1)

In this week’s discussion, I will be speaking on Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium animalis is a gram-positive, anaerobic, bacterium where it can be found in the large intestines (www.probiotic.org). This organism is called a type of probiotic, or bacteria that works to promote a healthy digestive tract. Bifidobacterium animalis is considered a probiotics, Probiotics is a bacteria brought into the body for all of its qualities. Probiotics competes between the food and space to help keep up a digestive balance. The type of creature Bifidobacterium animalis is a bacterium. As I was doing my research I read that it helps bacteria from growing in the digestive system and that also it fights so you do not catch a cold, infections or even

One critical problem of industrial feedlots is that they devastate the environment due to the grand scale of emissions, odors, and bi-products of the oversized “farms”. With tens of thousands of livestock, comes hundreds of thousands of pounds of waste and manure. Many times, feedlot owners allow the manure to settle in the lots without disposing of it properly because there is just too much of it to contain. This waste can seep into the ground, supersaturating the earth with nitrogen, ammonia, phosphorus, and oxygen-stealing compounds; moreover, manure serves as a breeding ground for diseases and pathogens. In an agricultural paper published by the University of Minnesota, Dr. Mindy Spiehs (animal scientist) and Dr. Sagar Goyal (molecular

In the rumen, there are microbes including bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Foranges that was ingested by the ruminant will feed those microbes. Then, by the fermentation, the end product that are utilized by the ruminant as well as by the microbes themselve will produce the end products for their own reproduction and cells growth. There are billions of microbes in the rumen. The most important microbes in rumen are bacteria and protozoa. They can digest about 70% to 80% of the digestible dry matter in the rumen. Animals diet can influence the numbers and proportion of each types of the microbes. The major end product of microbial fermentation are volatile fatty acid which is for energy source of the ruminant, ammonia for manufacture bicrobial

a) Grassland-based systems, where more than 90% of the dry matter fed to animals comes from rangelands, pastures or home-grown forages. In sub-Saharan Africa, these are the most common ruminant production systems accounting for 88% of total livestock resources in sub-Saharan Africa (Otte and Chilonda 2002). Due to their dependence on natural rain fed pastures, the great annual variability in the amount of nutrients in the pastures directly affect the quality of food ingested (Jabbar 2008). During the dry periods, animals in this system feed on low quality grass and straw that could lead to loss of up to 40% of their body weight (Lamy et al 2012), implying that their manure at this time would also have a low nutrient composition. In this system, most or all of the manure from animals is left on the field and provides nutrients to the pasture.

E. coli thrives in the lower intestine of a warm-blooded animal, as it provides a vast supply of nutrients for bacterial growth. However, when exposed to external environmental conditions (low nutrient availability and temperature fluctuations), E. coli populations decreases two folds (Winfield & Groisman, 2003). E. coli populations maintain their numbers externally by the constant arrival of micro-organisms from host excretions (Winfield & Groisman, 2003). This demonstrates that E. coli are incapable of surviving without a host because of the lack of nutrients and harsh environmental conditions (Beutin, 2006; Winfield & Groisman,