Typhus Research Paper

Typhus is a disease that went through the concentration camps. The disease is spread by lice which is a bug that lives in hair usually on the head. (Auschwitz Voices pg.60) Most children were affected by the overcrowding which made it easier to catch typhus and they frequently died from it. Almost 30 percent of the population of Warsaw was packed into 2.4 percent of the city’s area which caused there to be enormous amounts of overcrowding which made it easier to contract diseases.(www.ushmm.Org) It can cause inflamed vessels, which in turn can cause a dramatic drop in blood pressure as well as internal bleeding. (www.share.com) Typhus, in particular was rampant and prisoners were marched out of the camps and into the ghetto for mass disinfections. Disinfection baths were established in certain areas like on Balonowa Street. (U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum)

Typhus is a disease that is caused by rickettsia bacteria. Typhus has many symptoms like an onset of fever, chills, headache, and some the flu symptoms that usually appear about 1 to 3 weeks after being infected. About 5 to 9 days after symptoms start, a rash will start and spread throughout the body. Typhus is transmitted from lice, fleas, and rodents to humans. There are two very affective antibiotics to treat this disease called doxycycline

Outbreaks of cholera were not isolated to the European and Asian continents, as several major cases within the United States have been recorded back to colonial times. As trade increased with the old world, infected sailors bringing the disease to major port cities, spreading it even further as products became distributed across the nation. Famously documented as one of the most vital turning points for public health medicine within the US, the city of Chicago mirrored what was unfolding in the 1854 London outbreak. Congruent to Snow’s findings, entire families suddenly became severely ill and dying off. As an effort to combat the pestilence, Ellis Chesbrough, an already established railroad engineer, designed a series of sewer systems modeled

Typhus is a disease caused by a genus of bacteria known as Rickettsia, which has been around since the late fifteenth century. Up until the twentieth century, it had impacted the world in both a negative and positive way. It killed off a lot of civilians and troops, but has also helped places advance more in medicine. Historically, typhus did a lot of damage to Europe. Not only was Europe as a whole damaged, but the population living within Europe was damaged as well. Finding out you have typhus must be the most awful feeling in the world. Especially because it’s essentially life or death, if it’s not treated on time or correctly.

The first main point in the story Typhoid Fever is that literature can have everlasting impact on people’s lives. In the story, Patricia reads “The Highwayman” poem to Frankie. Because the children are not allowed to talk to each other, Patricia reads bits and pieces to Frankie at different times to avoid being caught. Frankie is awaiting the next part of the poem when he learns that Patricia has passed away. He is very disappointed because he never learnt the end of the poem. He keeps wondering and wondering until Sean learns the rest and recites it. If Sean had never took the time to learn the poem, Frankie would have most likely been living the rest of his life wondering how it ended.

In the concentration camps of Buchenwald and Natzweiler, more than seven hundred prisoners were subjected to the typhus experiments. Not only did these two camps run experiments for typhus but also for diseases such as yellow fever, smallpox, cholera and many more. The typhus experiments were very repugnant in the way that doctors would kill people just to keep the disease still intact with them. They had prisoners known as ‘passage persons’ who acted like capsules for the diseases. The doctors would use these people to take their blood and inject it in others. “They

The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is mainly found in small rodents like rats and it can be spread to human through flea bites or via close contact with infected rodents or human.

Smallpox is a highly contagious and fatal disease; there is no treatment available to smallpox, and the only way to avoid this infection is through primary prevention measures of vaccination. Smallpox has two clinical forms, variola major (most common) and variola minor (least common) with a fatality rate of 30% and 1% respectively. Variola major has four types of smallpox, ordinary (accounts for 90% of the cases), modified (occurs in vaccinated individuals), hemorrhagic (severe and rare), and flat or malignant (rare and fatal). Smallpox has been declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, and vaccination of the general public has stopped shortly after; nevertheless, it is an agent of bioterrorism that is available in laboratory stockpiles worldwide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004).

There are only a few ways to become infected with the bacteria, being bitten by an infected flea or coming in contact with an infected animal's bodily tissues or fluids. Whether a person has contracted the bacterium or not can

Lice and fleas were everywhere, so the prisoners were forced to rid their heads of hair. Rashes were popular. Illnesses spread quickly because there were so many people crammed into such a small place. Prisoners were also used for medical experiments, and many of them were killed because of it. Diseases and medical experiments were one of the many causes of death in concentration camps (Państwowe Muzeum, 2018).

The Bubonic Plague or ‘Black Death’ is a potentially fatal disease that spread rapidly and most infamously, throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. The disease is spread by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium that is transported through infected fleas and rodents, which can be seen in figure 1. (Wayangankar, 2015)

Some cases also include vomiting, nausea, chills, muscular pain, malaise, severe headache, abdominal pain, and even seizures (4, 8). In human cases, plague works by attacking the lymphatic system by causing swelling and inflammation of affected lymph nodes (5). These swollen lymph nodes usually appear in the groin, but can also appear in the neck or armpits, and can be very painful (4). If it is left untreated, it will most likely lead to failure of particular body systems, followed by shock, and death (8). Symptoms generally occur within one to six days following transmission (8). Plague is diagnosed by laboratory test of lymph node aspirate, blood, or sputum, and while preliminary results can be ready within two hours, confirmation usually takes 24 to 48 hours (8). Because man becomes an accidental host of Yersinia pestis, the aftermath sometime results in pandemics

How the disease was transmitted was further looked on by Nelson (1995). According to the said author, the disease was transmitted primarily by fleas and rats. The stomachs of the fleas were infected with bacteria known Y. Pestis. Nelson held that “the bacteria would block the "throat" of infected fleas so that no blood could reach their stomachs, and they grew ravenous since they were starving to death” (1995, par. 14). The bacteria would then attempt to suck up blood from their victims, only to disgorge it back into their preys' bloodstreams (Nelson, 1995). Now, however, the victims' blood was mixed with Y. Pestis. Fleas infected rats in this fashion, and the rats spread the disease to other rats and fleas before dying (Nelson, 1995). Without rodent hosts, the fleas then migrated to the bodies of humans and infected them in the same fashion as they had the rats .

Whooping cough (pertussis) has been on the rise in the United States in recent years. Last year the CDC reported 28,660 cases of whooping cough in the U.S. alone. With cases increasing annually, protecting infants is imperative in controlling the disease. Understanding the signs and symptoms of whooping cough along with the recommended protocol for immunization can mean the difference between life and death for children in your home or care.

It is important because people may be disease carriers even though they are not sick themselves. Typhoid fever is an example of a disease that has chronic carriers; up to 5% of individuals infected with typhoid fever excrete the bacteria for up to a year. For example, in the historical case of Typhoid Mary, Mary Mallon infected 47 people with typhoid fever over the course of 15 years, even though she was never ill herself.Doctors use the immune response when we are vaccinated against diseases. Our immune system remembers the pathogens to which we have been exposed, and the next time we are exposed to the pathogens our immune system attacks them more quickly and efficiently. Doctors take advantage of this priming effect by exposing us to inactivated