Unit 2 Exercise 1-4

Across the globe, governments struggle to sufficiently represent their citizens. The breaking down of government responsibilities varies between countries, but one aspect that no country can agree on is what constitutes a municipality and how much responsibility a municipality should have. Should a city region be split into competing small municipalities, or should there be one municipal government for the entire region? Across Europe following World War II fragmentation due to land reform was favoured (Jurgenson, 2016, p. 34) whereas now in present day, consolidation seems to be more desirable by governments seeking to be more cost efficient (Carmichael & Midwinter, 1999, p. 163). As a means to compromise, city regions should be governed by a system that incorporates both aspects of fragmentation and consolidation. Through the analysis of economic effects, government issues, and cultural factors I will explore the benefits of municipal fragmentation and consolidation.

I finally finished analysing all the files for the VEP data recorded on Hiro's system. It seems like the data shows reversal for all the channels and is consistent in all three recording. Attached below is the pdf containing normalized avg + sem for all 3 mice recordings, 10files each, for all 16 channels.

Hi Class, the assignment 2 will be a group assignment by due 3/12, 11:59pm. You write your own reflection (450 words) as your writing sample and combine it with the html tag that we have learned in the class.

DSDV is a proactive, hop-by-hop distance vector routing protocol where the routing table is maintained by each and every network node. The routing table consists of all the nodes required to reach destination also including the nodes to which packets are not sent. The routing table is kept updated at every time after each entry. In order to avoid the routing loops, DSDV uses the concept of sequence numbers to maintain the originality of route at all times. For the network in figure. 1 below, the routing table for node A can be seen in table. 1 which contains information about all possible paths reachable by node A, along with the next hop, number of hops and sequence number.

This essay aims to examine the role of the mayor in regards to the politics of local government in Ontario. The process of the development of public policy has shifted considerably during the last few decades. Due to the advent of globalization and of social media, public sector decision making has expanded to include more stakeholders than ever before. As a result, mayors have come under significant pressures to engage not only political actors in decision making, but also communities and individuals as well, which changes the way that they operate in their public role. This indicates that the idea of municipal governance may also be changing within the minds of citizens. This essay will draw on a case study based on the city of Mississauga and its needs from the mayor and city council. This essay strives to provide insight into the process of developing a strong mayoral strategy using the example of the city of Mississauga, looking at its current and future plans for development. The thesis of this essay is that the role of the mayor is to act as a local and global ambassador for the

Municipalities continue to face more and more challenges for revenue sources and funding many programs as they are downloaded from upper levels of government. Under Bill 26, miscellaneous local revenues is one method of income in the form of user fees and charges, license/permit fees, fines/penalties, special capital levies/development charges and income from investments. These types of initiatives are helpful in relieving some burden but are not the ultimate fix but municipalities need to utilize these better to their advantage.

The main over-riding source of knowledge is that of the ‘policy community’. The government draws up guidance, duties and powers, regulations, inter alia, that outline expectations of local authorities (Brammer 2003). This factual information considers categories such as class; gender;

During Margaret Thatcher’s terms as prime minister, she had sought to reinforce local democracy, accountability, and efficiency in the local government and yet ironically, she contributed to undermining all three aspects. She accomplished this by restricting and limiting their responsibilities, cutting local spending budgets, and pressuring them to work with private enterprises and QUANGOs to deliver public services.

Single metropolitan-wide governments do provide better services than the multiple governments that are located in metropolitan areas. This government is more able to coordinate the region’s growth as well assist the entire region in sharing the proceeds from trade and industry growth. Furthermore, the economies of extent in production and supply of unrestricted goods are accessible to larger government units (Hamilton, 2013). These competences normally bring down the government’s expenditure while still supplying the forms of standardized governmental services that should interest to business when creating and running decisions. The recent population increase in metropolitans has been realized by the broadening of activity in to the remote

Governments that are in a fiscal crisis are consistently looking for ways to save money without raising taxes. There is an idea that local governments can save costs by sharing services and/or consolidating government functions. However, there is not much research proving that this will help governments

that “the issue of this ticket was regarded as an offer…if the customer took it and retained it without objection, his act was regarded as an acceptance of the offer” - Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking (1971).

Public choice theory supports the theory that fragmented municipal structures generate savings because they allow individuals to make their own choices about services and taxes (L.G.C, pg. 155). This can lead to greater issues of urban sprawl and inner city poverty as the larger municipality becomes more fragmented.

Local government work as helping tool of the central government and make it possible for the central government to worked efficiently at lower or local level.

1) Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished, not what is to be accomplished.

With the help of City Development Plan ; all institutions and organizations in the city shall give direction to the short, medium and long term development, general trends may be identified and future projections can be coordinated. Superior areas in the city may be determined, specializing in existing and prospective sector in the development will be provided. Thus, the city development strategies will fulfill a function that feeds, mobilizing local resources and potential, raises our socio-economic level at underdeveloped regions, providing rural development and the realization of national plans and programs. It will contribute to the strengthening of local government (authorities). It will strengthen the local economy and locality awareness of economic, social, cultural initiatives that can be routed and will be supported. Thus, plans and preferences made with society's demands, requirements, and capabilities, should be sufficiently taken into account. Local planning efforts is replicated at the local level will trigger an embodiment of total planned in local institutions and local governments.