Urban Change In The 17th Century

The most important difference found between French and English Gothic cathedrals is their differing and almost oppositional emphases on verticality or horizontality. Here the terms define what they imply – a critical focus on either height or length, which is emphasized by the features of the cathedral. For example, the French penchant for height can be found in cathedrals such as Notre- Dame. The nave vaults rise 115 feet off the ground, at the time this was considered outrageously high. The main difference that of emphasis on verticality versus horizontality, can be seen as quite oppositional in stylistic character. The opposite emphases were then enhanced by architectural features such as vertical vault shafts or uninterrupted tiers of detail.

Finally, after almost a full century(1750-1868), William Alexander Abram writes that conditions have improved and technology was a main factor in freeing space and improving urban life. This reliable journal article written by a historian concludes that after years of little intervention, technology was able to fix the problems presented by

The Arch gave St. Louis a name. The building of the arch wowed the world and gave stl a name. Stl became unique and not like any other city anymore. “ A person approaching it by car or plane cannot help but marvel at its size and elegance.” Because of the Arch’s massive size

Between the years 1675 and 1765, English America changed in many different ways. Different events causes the changes in English America, they change the society, economy, culture and the politics during this time. The demographics change, due to population growth, new sources, and different lifespans and birth rates. The economy changes because of changes of export values, sexual division labors, plantation complexes, and economic inequality. And the society, politics, and culture change because of the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment.

In 1721, Adrian de Pauger laid out the streets of NOLA with influences from Le Blond de la Tour. He along with over fifty engineers began to plot out the land. Exploring the city can be imagined as travelling through history, “navigating the dense web of references embedded in the street names”, as stated by Sublette (5). The streets of New Orleans were named after important French men of the time, the royal houses of France, and Catholic saints. For example, Rue St. Louis, Bourbon Street, and Rue Bienville. These streets continue to exist today as reminders of the French origins of the

Haussmann's Architectural Paris - Architecture in the Era of Napoleon III - The Art History Archive

Early European cultural and material changes were due to exploration. Although European states were encompassed in war, they still set out for exploration. Allison Games in The Web of Empires argues that globetrotters and their adventures offer a way to understand how Europe went from being a weak state in the mid 1500s to a powerful, global kingdom by 1660. Throughout the 1500s, global discoveries and exploration brought new wealth and prestige to Europe’s monarchs. Geographic discoveries were integrating Europe into the world economic system.

People immigrated and traveled to cities for the increase of money and job from what they were making from farming. The factory work had appeared and seemed to be less strenuous than the farming work, and they looked forward to a better income and money and most satisfying lifestyle.

In this lecture Professor Harf discussed how in each conflict there was always a reassessment and how each country dealt with it. In the 1500’s the countries had emerged as important international players in either being an ally or an enemy to other nations. This is a significant step in the course of the future in many policies, wars, and agreements yet to come. In 1648, religion was finally kicked out of all of foreign policies which in my opinion was one of the smartest thing done. With church and state separate in America it is easier to make government decisions without having to go through a pope or priest to decide the final answer. In that time as well countries would keep tabs on each other to make sure that countries weren’t trying

The developments in planning and design of urban cities inform the argument surrounding the unsuitability of grids to carfree cities, whose medieval patterns provided efficient radial routes for centrally located goods, services, and transport. The emergence of city planning as a profession borrows significantly from the long and complex history of planning, whereby all cities display variations in forethought and conscious designs that define their layout and functioning. The paper uses Rome as a case study to analyse and critique the concepts and principles in the history of urban planning and design, and their

In Charles Rearick’s book, Paris Dreams, Paris Memories, he describes the various ways in which Paris is “represented” through various images he identifies as the City of Light, Old Paris, the Capital of Pleasures, and Paname. Rearick further writes how and why these images of Paris came of importance and how they shaped the geographical layout of the city we know today. All of these images together have likewise produced the city of Paris while also providing the framework of Parisian events and experiences.

Urbanization began in the 14th century permitting an influx and dispersion of ideas and culture as humanistic thinking appeared. During the 3rd to 13th centuries, life and culture revolved around the Pope’s philosophies and religious beliefs. Through the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, people began to co-create ideas and spread solutions that prevaricated from traditional beliefs. For example, after the decline of the church and the start of urbanization, “important advances were made in agriculture during the High Middle Ages. Many new innovations like labor-saving devices were put to use and led to the technical level far superior to that of the ancient world. One was a heavy plow which could cut deeply into the soil

His first comprehensive city plan was La Ville Contemporaine (the Contemporary City) a project to house three million inhabitants designed in 1922. This was Le Corbusier’s first attempt to reconcile man, nature and machine (Fishman, 189). The city starts at the center with a transportation hub for busses, trains, cars and planes. Surrounding this hub there will be an organized cluster of 24 60-story skyscrapers. These glass and steel skyscrapers are cross-shaped. Each individual skyscraper is to be set within a large rectangular green space. The skyscrapers house the “brain” of the city. The city is beautifully geometric and symmetrical. Placing the skyscrapers in the city center reinforces the emphasis on capital as a means of creating a successful city. Because of the shape and mass of each skyscraper, they have more usable space than an entire neighborhood but also relieves density and congestion because of the organization (Frampton, 46).

As a result of a booming development of the nineteenth century city, “progressive” architects of the time started to deliberate and conceive opinions to create long term solutions. Known for his radical cultural manifestos, Le Corbusier is one of the architects that epitomizes the change in ideal of the Machine Age. He introduced ideas of living in completely analogous, planned, designed, and then built, cities. Le Corbusier 's proposition for the City of Tomorrow had in its roots the intention of creating a series of fundamental principles that would become the skeleton of any modern city plan. However, considerations that were not applied during that period of time, are the cause of its unsuccessful development.

It was one of the largest efforts to rebuild the centre of a city since ancient times. While there was the glamour of the many entertainments in the city, there was also a darker side of poverty, crime and prostitution. "The city - with its pristine exterior, its soiled underside, its hollow entertainments - provided the makings of an enormous duality: a two-sided mirror...a spectacle and secret life." (Bromber 1996: 62) One of the key parts to this design by Haussmann were the wide tree lined avenues, which replaced the smaller streets that had previously existed in the city. "Haussmann's grand design for the reconstruction of Paris was being carried forward by the Third Republic, and the city was now laced with wide, tree-lined avenues." (Schneider 1972: 134) In fact, the modern city of Paris is based on the city that was built by Haussmann and the modern perception of Paris as being the artistic and cultural centre that it is known for, is chiefly based on Haussman's design and re-modelling of the city.