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Ursula Goodenough's The Sacred Depths Of Nature

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Throughout American history, humans have never had a positive and unified way to name and interact with nature. Many disagree on a definition for nature, and when a definition gains traction, it often leads to destruction masked as “progress” (Marx 14). But not all definitions of nature are so damaging. Ursula Goodenough, a biology professor at Washington University in St. Louis, wrote The Sacred Depths of Nature to create a new religion based in nature (Department of Biology). Goodenough’s treatment of “nature” illustrates her unique interpretation of the word. Goodenough understands the word nature to mean life, and life means biology. She uses this appeal to scientific reasoning to inspire humans to care for the world we live in. And while …show more content…

First Nature is defined as “the biophysical world that existed before the evolution of Homo sapiens [italics original]” (Marx 20-21). This means that any conversation about things like plants, animals, the stars, or the Earth is a conversation about First Nature. Second Nature is defined as “the artificial - material and cultural - environment that humanity has superimposed on First Nature” (Marx 21). This means that any physical or conceptual changes we create for nature are Second Nature. This includes deforestation, making solar cells, and even the understanding of First and Second Nature as concepts that can change our perspective of nature. From these ideas, we can see that there is both separation and connection between humans and nature. In addition, these ideas provide historical context. First Nature is what was here before humans and Second Nature is what has changed since humans evolved. And things have changed a lot since humans evolved. Humans have used other definitions of nature for their own gain, often causing …show more content…

Leo Marx, a Professor of American Cultural History in the Science, Technology, and Society Program at MIT, writes that since the beginning, the idea of nature in America has been connected to many major actions (Marx 9). On the Mayflower in 1620, William Bradford describes the nature he sees as “‘hideous’”, and “‘full of wild beasts and wild men’” (Marx 10). Here, Bradford only sees nature as a satanic and barbaric thing that needs to be controlled, civilized, and saved by Christians. This kind of traditional theological thinking continued for decades, justifying racism against Native Americans. As America became more established and more secular, a new idea began to emerge. In the late 1800’s Darwin’s theories of evolution and his proposal of natural selection became a clear assertion that there’s no difference between nature and humans. Although this theory was at first only applied to biological evolution, it was soon twisted into Social Darwinism by Herbert Spencer (Marx 14). Under this idea, the phrase “survival of the fittest” was popularized (Marx 14). But “survival of the fittest” was only another name for Manifest Destiny, both of which contributed to massive westward expansion, which displaced Native Americans and destroyed many American natural habitats (Marx 15). American’s idea of nature has led to incredible ruin, racism, and war,

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