Vagus Profiling: Essential Roles In The Body

The nervous system is made up of basic units called neurons. The main role of the neurons is to receive, integrate and transmit information throughout the body. There are some neuroglial cells found in nervous system aswell which provide support to the neurons by giving protection and nourishment Neurons have nerve processes that looks like finger like projections extended from the nerve cell body. They also contain axons and dendrites which enable them to transmit signals throughout the body. Normally, axon carry signals away from the cell body and dendrites carry signals toward the cell body according to Regina Bailey (2013). Neurons have three different shapes: bipolar, unipolar and multipolar where bipolar has two neuronal processes coming out of the cell body, unipolar has only one neuronal process coming out of the cell body and multipolar has many neuronal processes coming out of the cell body.

the vagus nerve in order to help people reach this positivity resonance. Similarly, Armstrong’s idea of emptying would lead to the sense of release and immense peace, as well as promoting yourself and drawing “attention to your unique and special qualities” (Armstrong, 14). She also explained three principles to achieve her ideas, and those included the nature of the ultimate

This helps prevent insulin levels from rising dangerously in the body-a condition that leads to diabetes and damage to the nerves, blood vessels, and the liver.

Describe the role of the parasympathetic nervous system relative to digestive movements. The PNS is responsible for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. The PNS stimulates salivary gland secretion and increases peristalsis. This increases the

2010). The neuroinflammation is an early, non-specific immune reaction to tissue damage or pathogen invasion (Lee et al. 2010). Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by increased glial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration, blood-brain-barrier permeability, and leukocyte invasion (Lee et al. 2010). Microglia are cells that support and protect neuronal functions (Lee at al. 2010). They act as the first and main form of active immune defense that orchestrate the endogenous immune response of the Central Nervous System. The microglia play a central role in the cellular response to pathological lesions such as Aβ. Aβ can attract and activate microglia, leading to clustering of microglia around Aβ deposits sites in the brain (Lee et al. 2010). Even though microglia have neuroprotective functions, neurotoxic mechanisms which involves continuous activation of microglia and toxic factors are released by microglia, which may lead to neuroinflammation (Lee et al. 2010). Astrocytes (star-shaped glial cells) are the most abundant cells in the brain and are located in the brain and spinal. Astrocytes have various functions such as: biochemical support of endothelial cells of the BBB, supplying nutrients to the nervous tissue, maintenance of extracellular ion balance, and healing the brain and spinal cord following traumatic injury (Lee et al., 2010). Chemokines are released by astrocytes which attract microglia and they further express proinflammatory products, thus increasing neuronal damage in the pathogenesis of AD (Lee et al., 2010). Astrocytes play a critical role in Aß clearance and degradation, and they also provide trophic support to neurons forming a protective barrier between Aß deposits and neurons (Wyss-Coray et al., 2003). Neurons contribute to the production of

Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a messenger molecule produced by the NO synthase (NOS) isoforms neuronal NOS (nNOS, or NOS1), inducible NOS (iNOS, or NOS2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS, or NOS3). NO has been involved in relaxing smooth muscle, inhibiting smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and decreasing platelet adherence and aggregation. NO also inhibits vascular inflammation [1].

The 4th tissue is the nerve tissue which it is composed of neurons and neuroglia. The function of the neurons are to receive and conduct electrical signals and the neuroglia is to have support functions providing insulation to the axons. Furthermore the neuroglia and the neurons are both included in the central nervous system and peripheral system. What makes this tissue special is that neurons and neuroglia helps to revive signals with also proving the insulations.

The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. Its main functions include: processing, integrating, and coordinating sensory information and motor instructions. The sensory data conducts information that is being processed from internal and external conditions the body is experiencing. Motor commands regulate and control peripheral organs (skeletal muscles). The brain functions under memory, emotions, learning, and intelligence. The PNS consist of the neural tissue found outside of the CNS. It functions in sending data to the CNS which motor commands are than carried out to the peripheral tissues/systems. Multiple nerve fibers send sensory data and motor commands in the PNS. The nerves that assist with transmitting data include the cranial nerves and spinal nerve. However, the PNS can be divided into afferent (to bring in) and efferent (to bring out) divisions of transferring data. The afferent division functions in bringing in sensory data to the CNS. Sensory structures are receptors that detect internal/external environmental change and adjusting accordingly. The efferent division functions in carrying out motor commands from the CNS to glands, muscles, and adipose tissue. The efferent division contains somatic

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, ect.) and sweat and oil glands.

The primary role of the peripheral nervous system is to connect the central nervous system to the organs, limbs, and skin to allow for complex

The neurological support for phonation is similar to the neurological support for respiration. The support for both of them come from the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (phonation). Additionally, both systems rely on the bilateral pyramidal tracts as well such as, the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract. The vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid to move the cricoid cartilages that function as an attachment site for muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and producing speech. Damage to the central nervous system might cause damage to these vital structures for phonation and respiration causing the voice quality to be altered. An example of

• vagus nerves- carry a wide assortment of signals to and from the brain, and they are responsible for a number of instinctive responses in the body.

Conversely, alternative activated microphages typically protect the body from disorders.22 In other words, macrophages can be detrimental and participate in the progression of numerous neuroinflammatory diseases.28 C-type lectin receptor of macrophages plays a vital role in neuroinflammation by recognizing the ligands generated by necrotic cells and secreting pro-inflammatory mediators like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NO following stroke and other neurological

Whereas the spinal cord (often referred to as the brainstem) is the pathways that enables nerve impulses to reach their various destinations in the body. The central nervous system main function is to receive information from the different parts of the body, in which must be analysed and stored in order for it to send out instructions based on those pieces of information. The central nervous system’s main function is to coordinate the numerous organs and muscles required to perform the individual’s desired action(s) (Walker, 2005).