Vienna Settlement

In order to restore France after the Napoleonic Era, the Quadruple Alliance, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, held a meeting called the Congress of Vienna in order to establish peace between countries. The four countries decided that creating borders within Europe and receiving compensation in the form of territory would be an effective reminder of the pain France had caused during its revolution. After decades of dealing with borders placed by the Quadruple Alliance, the inhabitants of Italy wanted a more unified peninsula. Although many leaders of Europe proposed ideas for fixing this problem, many of them such as Cavour and Napoleon III had ulterior motives. The unification of Italy took such a long time because its politicians were not being honest about what they actually wanted.

Head of European governments were seeking to establish a long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon. A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the Congress of Vienna, were called to set up policies to achieve this goal. The Congress of Vienna was scheduled to last four weeks however, it went on for eight months. There were many positive outcomes from this but also some negatives. Metternich had three goals at the Congress of Vienna. He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. Also, he wanted to restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others. Lastly, he wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon’s conquests. The congress set up the Congress System to settle disputes between European countries through diplomacy and negotiation instead of way.

In Looking Back: The Long Peace, John Lewis Gaddis examines the reasons why peace was maintained during the tense period now known as the Cold War. Gaddis highlights a series of reasons why the Soviet Union and United States never fought a war that could have potentially endangered humanity as we know it. Gaddis shows that an international ideology based more on stability rather than justice contributed to peace, he claims that post World War 2 international relations was built upon a stabile bipolar system, it is argued that the distance and lack of dependence between the USSR and the USA helped cool and prevent tensions, Gaddis also states that domestic policies by both countries thru ought the Cold War didn’t undermine world stability,

Bismarck’s alliance system brought peace between the European countries. (Stewart, Fitzgerald, Pickard 12) His alliance system starts with a treaty with Austria-Hungary who was one of the 5 powers in Europe. In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary signed the Dual Alliance, which was planned as a merely defensive arrangement or military alliance. Both governments promised that they should help or remain neutral when other powerful countries such as Russia or France attack. (Stewart, Fitzgerald, Pickard 13) The second allied country was with Italy. In 1882, Bismarck turns Dual Alliance into Triple Alliance by making Italy to join in his alliance system. Since Italy had close friendship with Great Britain, although Italy was not a strong military nation, it was an influential part of the Alliance. And at the same time, Great Britain and Germany had conflict in North Africa on colonial aspiration. Therefore, it was the perfect time to be an ally with her to isolate France. (Stewart, Fitzgerald, Pickard 14) Making Great Britain as a close friend was a benefit for Germany. Bismarck’s next target to isolate France was Russia. In 1881, the Dreikaiserbund was made a treaty, which was the agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia promising not to help the fourth power, France. However in 1884, this treaty had renewed and Russia refused to renew her membership in Dreikaiserbund. Then Bismarck discussed the Reinsurance Treaty with

To begin with, the pre-war alliance in Europe intensified the long-lasting tensions between countries. In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance against Russia. In 1881, Austria Hungary allied with Serbia against Russia. The Triple Alliance reveals the alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. On the other hand, Russia, France, and Britain agreed to become the Triple Entente. (Doc 1) The alliance clearly divided the countries in Europe into two groups, each of which hated the others very much. (Doc 4) The

There was two main Alliances between states the two were germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy which made up the triple alliance. The other alliances was Russia, United Kingdom, and France which man up the Triple Entente. When having alliances it can affect all the countries in the alliance. When The alliances come to join forces they focus more on destroying themselves instead of fighting for the real prize which was the peace of Europe which is represented in document B, Also when the join forces the triple entente have a huge disadvantage because they are more separated than the triple Alliance. The triple alliance are all clumped together while the

The alliance system that took place between the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and Triple Entente (United Kingdom, Russia, and France) divided the European empires beginning the war. According to document B both alliances blamed each other from the start. By doing this both alliances were split against each other creating a diversion. The background essay states, “The great players were picking sides” this created a greater diversion between the empires. Geographically in Document A the Triple Alliance were closer together and the Triple Entente surrounded them although the Triple Entente weren’t themselves close to each other. This caused

The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, “the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history” (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy

The Treaty of Versaille and the Congress of Vienna are major treaties that in their own way, played major parts in world history. The Congress of Vienna was created post Napoleon Era to fix the damages that France created during that time period. Nearly 100 years later, the Treaty of Versaille officially ended the first World War between Germany and the rest of the leaders of Europe including England, France, and the United States. Being from different periods of time, both agreements settled an unbalance of power and created systems to rebuild Europe into a better form. A difference between the two can be seen as the Congress of Vienna was to rebuild while the purpose for the Treaty of Versailles was to end the war and hold Germany responsible for what they did. Although the Treaty of Versaille and the Congress of Vienna share some common similarities and differences including the equality of land distribution and balance of powers, the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versaille are more similar than different because, “The Vienna Settlement of 1815 has been ranked with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the Peace of Utrecht (1713), and the Peace of Paris (1919) as one of the four most significant international agreements in the history of modern Europe”(Concert of Europe 1).

The Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles are two of the “most significant international agreements in the history of modern Europe” (Packet). They not only ended drastic and intense wars, but they rearranged and changed the face of Europe. The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the principles prior to the Napoleonic Era, including conservatism, legitimacy, and the balance of powers. The diplomats of this treaty agreed on a collective security, to protect one another from future revolutions. The Treaty of Versailles, on the other hand, had several different aims. One of the main goals was to restrict Germany from anymore fighting in the future. Another included the right of self-determination for newly established states. The diplomats, however, had trouble completely agreeing on the components of the treaty. The overall similarity of the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles is the creation of alliances and “systems of international relations”, such as the Concert of Europe and the League of Nations, as a means of protection against future complications (Packet). The main difference between the two treaties is the treatment towards the crushed powers, France and Germany. Although the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles are similar because of the creation of alliances and systems, overall, the two treaties are different because of the contrasting treatments of France and Germany after the Napoleonic Wars and the First World War.

The Congress of Vienna happened once Napoleon was coming down from his high horse. It’s called the restoration, even though it did more than just restore the territories, or at least tried to. The Vienna settlement wanted peace between all, and did not want any territory to have too much power in order to avoid more war. The French had displayed much aggression in the past few decades, but the settlement thought it best to maintain their power status in order to keep all of Europe in check. Therefore, an eye was kept on France so they could not threaten the peace, but they kept their supremacy so no other European power could rise from the ashes and take over

The Paris of Peace conference was held on January 1919 in Versailles just right outside of Paris. Paris of Peace conference was called to establish reasonable terms to make peace with the countries after World War I. In that conference there was almost thirty nations that were participates. The “Big Four” were there as well, the big four consisted of Great Britain, represented by David Lloyd George, France, represented by George Clemenceau, United States, represented by Woodrow Wilson, and Italy, represented by Vittorio Orlando. David Lloyd George wanted moderate peace he also wants to alienate Germany as a naval threat. Vittorio Orlando wanted the territory was promised by the other countries. George Clemenceau wanted ironclad guarantees against future German military threat and he wanted Germany to pay for all the damages they caused during World War I. Woodrow Wilson wanted peace without Vengeance that were based on his fourteen points. One through five on his points consisted of open covenants, openly arrived at; which means no more secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduction of weapons. Six through thirteen consisted of self-determination of Europeans and point 14 consisted of the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson was not successful in his goals, but in 1920 the League on Nations was established; after

The major powers at the Congress of Vienna were France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. Their goals took place on September 1814 at the Congress of Vienna to analyze a final peace settlement. To prevent political revolutions, like the French revolution, and preserve the status quo. There goal was realistic and non realistic, due to the fact that, that this was met to be attained and could be since they came together to form a conference about the matter. Also they were considering the status of the country from creating the peace. Its realistic due to no one wishing for another French Revolution. Furthermore non realistic, for congress may be doing this in order to curve the directive and control to what they want it to be.

1. In 1914, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente dominated Europe. The nations that make up the Triple Alliance are located in the center of Europe. This allowed the countries to be able to move troops into other areas very quickly and support each other easily, but they can be blockaded by Britain (who belonged to the Triple Entente). The Triple Entente can reinforce each other since Russia was located far from France and Britain. The powers that were involved in the Balkans were Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary since Russia declared war on the Ottomans.

Many, on the other hand, blame the flaws in the world's alliance systems for the war. Development of political and military alliances caused tension and hostility among nations leading up to World War I. Two major alliance systems developed due to conflicting national interests, which had been evident during the past two decades throughout Europe. These were the 'Triple Alliance' of Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy and the 'Triple Entente' of Britain, France and Russia. Also several smaller countries became indirectly involved in the alliances, which effectively divided Europe into two 'Armed Camps'. Russia pledged to support Serbia in order to prevent further Austrian-Hungarian expansion into the Balkans. Germany stated its support for Austria-Hungary and Britain had given its support for Belgium's independence in 1839. However, historians such as A. J. P. Taylor argue that 'Pre 1914 alliances were so precarious and fragile that they cannot be seen as the major cause of war'. This points to the fact that it should also be stressed that even a formal alliance in 1914 did not guarantee support for war, therefore not being a significant factor.