The Pros And Cons Of The Congress Of Vienna

In order to restore France after the Napoleonic Era, the Quadruple Alliance, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, held a meeting called the Congress of Vienna in order to establish peace between countries. The four countries decided that creating borders within Europe and receiving compensation in the form of territory would be an effective reminder of the pain France had caused during its revolution. After decades of dealing with borders placed by the Quadruple Alliance, the inhabitants of Italy wanted a more unified peninsula. Although many leaders of Europe proposed ideas for fixing this problem, many of them such as Cavour and Napoleon III had ulterior motives. The unification of Italy took such a long time because its politicians were not being honest about what they actually wanted.

First he wanted to surround France with strong countries to prevent further aggression by them. Second he wanted to restore a balance of power so that no country would be threatened by another and last he wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the throne.

Most conservative thoughts and viewpoints were expressed through the Congress of Vienna, which was a meeting of ambassadors of European states. The goal of the conservatives at this meeting was to reestablish peace and stability in Europe. Conservatives supported the political and social order, such as social hierarchy, that had existed before the French Revolution (Doc. 4). Therefore, they preferred the time period before 1789 because they benefited from the old regime (Doc. 7). The Congress of Vienna also sought to balance power and prevent future revolutions. However, they believed that natural rights and constitutional government could lead

Meanwhile, the notion of the nation was introduced to Europe in a powerful way during the Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic period (xxx, xxx). After Napoleon was finally subdued, European monarchs and their representatives assembled in Vienna to chart a more peaceful order for themselves (xxx, xxx). They blamed the mayhem that Europe endured between the early 1790s and 1815 on the notion of popular sovereignty and thus agreed to proscribe Republicanism (xxx, xxx). At the same time, however, they began conceding the idea of nation by binding the ruled and

“Jealousy, and local policy mix too much in all our public councils for the good government of the Union. In a words, the confederation appears to me to be little more than a shadow without the substance.” George Washington. There were many conflicts that arose during the Philadelphia Convention and many left unresolved. Some of the different conflicts that were addressed during the Philadelphia convention this included: Larger states v.s the smaller states, Three- fifths clause and fugitive slave clause between the North and the South.

known as the Congress of the Confederation even though they did not go by that.

Continental Congress framing the new federal republic. Governmental authority rests in both national and state governments. The failing articles of confederation were ratified to create a federal constitution establishing a strong national government. The continental congress wanted a stronger national government represented by republicans and not direct democracy. The articles of confederacy were failing because it was weak in regulations of taxation, international trade, slave laws, industrial tariffs, and a federal military force.

The Constitutional Convention of 1786, was meant to address the Articles of Confederation, and establish a strong central government. This was controversial because local state legislators didn’t want the federal government to obtain too much power. However, without a strong national government, many feared the United States would not succeed as an independent nation (Bruns, 1986).

The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, “the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history” (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy

When Napoleon was sentenced to exile in Elba, The Congress of Vienna was held. The Congress of Vienna was supposed to sort out all of Europe’s problems in a nonviolent way. Countries from all over Europe sent their delegates to represent them. The big countries were Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Their delegates decided on a new Europe, a Europe that left both Italy and Germany divided into states. In 1861 Italy was unified, as well as Germany in 1871 due to strong nationalist movements. France lost the Alsace-Lorraine to Germany which had a lot of natural resources in the Franco-Prussian war and were now eager to take it back. In Sebria and Austria-Hungary lived large areas of differing nationalist groups, all enthusiastic to become free from the states in which they lived.

Tens of thousands of people have been tortured, killed, or experimented on for unfair and unjust reasons. Some of the people didn’t sign up for what they thought it was and were manipulated into the situations. Others were forced upon the inhuman cruelties that no person should ever have to endeavor. Without the Nuremberg Code, tons of unethical experiments were being conducted. The Nuremberg Code is a very important document in regulating all scientific research for the better of humans now, and in the future.

23 July 1905, Tsar Nicholas of Russia had come close to forming an alliance with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, but a prior agreement with France and Russian desire to avoid upsetting their ally led to denial of the treaty by officials in St. Petersburg. Convinced that Germany could drive a wedge between the Entente powers, Berlin demanded an international conference in Algeciras, as promised by the treaty of 1881. Initially, the Germans were sure that Britain would not intervene in a dispute regarding Morocco, but France gave compensation deals to Britain, Italy, and Spain, and promised more money to Russia for support in the Algeciras conference held January 1906. Not only was the Entente proven stronger than Germany had initially thought, historian Christopher Clark also argues that ‘the uselessness of the Triple Alliance [between Austria, Italy, and Germany] was revealed for all to see.’ Not only did actions taken by Kaiser Wilhelm II in the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 not have the desired effect of pushing apart the Entente powers, they led to a stronger connection between France and Britain, Italy, Spain, and Russia, impacted the European view of Germany negatively, and isolated Germany and Austria

On 25 March 2017, the European Union will celebrate the 60th anniversary of its existence. Nevertheless, the European Council and the presidents of the twenty seven member states are aware that it is not a perfect union.

During the Congress of Vienna the combined powers redrew the map of Europe, undoing many of the changes caused by the Napoleonic wars, and reinstated old rulers to their thrones. Prussia was to receive territories on the left bank on the Rhine River as a way to discourage any future French rebellion or aggression. Austria was given Lombardy and Venetia, as well as other small nationalities, in an attempt to keep the states within Italy from starting a rebellion. The kingdom of Poland was created, but was essentially made part of the Russian empire, with Czar Alexander occupying the throne. The French monarchy, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and Metternich’s Austrian monarchy “utilized the bureaucratized state apparatus inherited from Napoleon to repress liberals”. The redrawing of European territories was done without consideration for the peoples living within , thus feeding the already growing agitation of the people, and promoted the call for unification along nationalistic lines.

The establishment of the Viennese Secession in 1897 marked the genesis of modern art in Austria—a nation at the time known for its strong holdings on conservative traditions and values. It was the first movement of artists and designers who were devoted to the renewal of art’s meaning—the projection of inner states of emotion. Led by Gustav Klimt, the Secession was the most influential breakaway; rejecting the revivalist styles endorsed by the conservative academies, the group promoted an art that would celebrity modernity. The Secession was largely attributed for the responsibility of the rise to international fame of several of its members, including Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Koloman Moser and Josef Hoffman, who helped Austrian art become renowned once again. There were no unifying characteristics between paintings or sculptures, or even architecture: instead, its members were committed to the ideal of modernizing Austrian art by acquainting it with latest modern art movements—Art Nouveau, Post-Impressionism and Expressionism. The initial movement was short lived. By 1905, there were internal divisions ultimately fracturing the “group’s monopoly on the scene for contemporary and decorative arts” (Rosenman). However, the Secession was vital for the promotion of Austrian contemporary art.