Voltmeter Calibration Analysis

V The next task is to calculate I 2 and the associated uncertainties. We obtained this mean value by calculating the weighted mean. From the equation below n i=1 n i=1 wi 2 σi 1 2 σi V I2 ,

The average deviation describes the precision of the results. It was determined the results our group obtained for were very precise. This is because our average deviation for Keq was only 6.8 which comes out to be a 6. percent error. Due to our deviation being so low it indicates that the equilibrium constant is indeed a “constant”.

In many methods, skin and proximity effects are very important. Another important parameter is alternative current (a.c.) resistance, rac. This parameter is frequency dependence. It can be shown that rac increased with the increased of frequency (Du, & Burnett, (2000), (Demoulias, Labridis, Dokopoulos & Gouramanis, 2007), (Desmet, Vanalme, Belmans, & Van Dommelen, 2008). Some research papers used value from published graph such as by The Okonite Company and Anixter Inc. (The Okonite Company, 2001), (Anixter Inc., n.d.). However upon inspection, it was found that the graph is produced on the basis of fundamental frequency of 60 Hz and using imperial unit. Some other sources, although on 50 Hz as fundamental basis, give limited data such as (Moore, 1997), (Coates, n.d). As an alternative, formula from IEC 287-1-1 was used to calculate the rac (IEC, 1994).

The variables been shown in the simulater are the voltage, current, and ressistance. V(volts) = I(Ampers)* R(Ohms).

was derived and a relationship between Vinv and Vc was obtained (see Fig. 2). Applying voltage balance

Using the propagation of error formula, theoretical uncertainty of the unknown resistor RX can be calculated as,

The comparison of above three algorithms for 8, 16 and 32 bit operands with corresponding voltage and frequency are tabulated in table I

Figure.10 (a) Hardware test bench set up (b) Gating pulses for 70 KHz from DSP processor (c) Input voltage and input current waveforms for 230Vrms (d) Input voltage and input current waveforms for 110 Vrms

Using the analysis of small signals, V\textsubscript{GS} = V\textsubscript{in} and therefore the circuit of the voltage gain A\textsubscript{V} is given by the expression:

The operating supply voltage range from 2.7 V to 5.5 V and the bandwidth is 900 MHz. The specified input voltage noise is 0.69 nV/√Hz and the input current noise is 2.6 pA/√Hz. Moreover, the amplifier has low distortion values (HD2/HD3 = -90 dBc) and ultra-low offset errors of 800 µV over the maximum operational temperature. Noise calculations for one of the parallel stages in the non-inverting configuration for the prototyped LNA is explained and the block diagram of such an amplifier with source, resistors, and the noise model is shown in figure 2, where en denote the voltage noise, in- denote the current noise at the inverting input and er denote the thermal

During lab, we have designed circuits proving each of these electrical principles. Now, let's apply this knowledge to a real world application.

Extended range of 120dB utilizing the linear to logarithmic transformation of photocurrent in to sense signal voltage with compromise on contrast and brightness [124].

& SEP-E $\qquad\qquad$ & mulSEP $\qquad \qquad $& EH-mulSEP & &\qquad& SEP-E $\qquad\qquad$& mulSEP \\

By David Wenzhong Gao, Senior Member IEEE, Chris Mi, Senior Member IEEE, and Ali Emadi, Senior Member IEEE

In order to achieve the required degree of stability, generally indicated by phase margin, other performance parameters are usually compromised. As a result, designing an op-amp that meets all specifications needs a good compensation strategy and design methodology [1].