Vulnerability Assessment of Northern Ghana to Climate Variability

In the 1990’s cereals and grain were popular in Africa, with over 60 percent of the land used for these crops (ita 2004). From the 1930’s to the 1990’s Africa saw a reduction of 13 percent in agriculture’s share (ita 2004). During the 1970’s and 1980’s, there was a period of drought that affected both the crops and native plant in the area (Boffa Dixon Garrity 2012), which may have contributed to the decline of agriculture’s share. Also, in 1992 the production of corn fell from 10 million to 3 million tons, due to the drought (ita 2004).

Environmental factors are a factor that affect living and nonliving organisms and have participated in Ethiopia’s problem in food deficiency and food insecurity. A large environmental factor that can affect food deficiency and food insecurity is natural hazards and disasters. These can include droughts and floods which can upset agricultural production. For example, grain production and stocks are very low and droughts have hit harvests in grain-producing areas around the world. A more specific example for Ethiopia is that because of Ethiopia’s seasonal rainfall from mid-June to mid-September, soil erosion and

In some communities migration is a kind of rite of passage like marriage. For rural families migration is a survival strategy.

The main industry is the agricultural sector which completely depends on the climate. There are strong linkages between poverty and environmental degradation, particularly poor water management, soil erosion, declining soil fertility and land degradation. In addition, the effects of climate change are undermining an already fragile resource base and have contributed to declining agricultural yields over the past decades. In recent years, drought has become a perennial problem in parts of Kenya. Episodes in 2009 and 2011 generated food emergencies, while flooding in 2010 affected parts of the country severely.

As a result of such changes many of these developing countries are exposed to extreme and unpredictable natural disasters such as drought, floods and cyclones. Many of these developing countries are the poorest in the world and have had minor contributions to climate change, however these people are the most vulnerable to these effects and are not capable in making the required adaptations to the changing conditions. At a recent Caritas meeting in Fiji, Father Michael McKenzie said form Kiribati that “For us climate change is a life issue ¬¬¬¬– people are trying to cope with it day by day. For the rest of the world it is an economic

The practice of Drought Tolerant Maize showed excellent consequences under reduced rainfall and warm climate. Moreover, climate information and early warning system were applied in sub-Saharan Africa. They aimed to provide evidences of risk of significant changes in climate ahead and to tack action that can decrease possible risks. In contrast, because of insufficient and incomplete understanding of the impact of climate change on the agriculture, Australia introduced climate change adaptations, which covers obtaining knowledge about how the communities confront the climate change in the

The subjects of Agriculture and Rural Development, including Natural Resource Economics, will enable me to empirically assess patterns that nest within it like; the relationship between climate change and food insecurity in marginalized communities: The case of semi-arid areas in Malawi. Through this plan, I will be able to answer questions on the nexus between food security, water use and energy security, as well as the indicators of climate change in Malawi. The correlation between climate change, the levels of food insecurity in Malawi and rural development, will also be accorded an investigation

Djibouti, unlike most countries in the African continent, is a predominantly urban state – with over two-thirds of its population living in Djibouti City. The exodus of people leaving rural areas for the capital city has created an even greater demographic divide between urban and rural people – with 85% of the population now living in the capital. The city’s facilities are not capable of processing this number of people, reason why many migrants end up settling on the slums at the outskirts of the city. Although having settled into urban environments, many of these migrants are not adept at living urban lives – which have also been under stress from the drought. The destruction of the already fragile agricultural sector has risen food prices

Destitution in the Gambia is fundamentally brought on by an absence of financial assorted qualities. Today, more than 33% of The Gambia's populace lives underneath the U.N. neediness line of $1.25 every day and 60 percent of The Gambia depends on farming to provide for their selves and their families. Over a portion of all Gambians rely on upon agribusiness to convey cash and sustenance to the table, however cruel climate conditions leave their cultivating destinies eccentric. At the point when precipitation is grinding away most elevated, the Gambia falls into a "hunger season." There are many components that add to this current nation's least way of life, for example, poorly working information and yield markets, sustenance frailty because

Although Bangladesh is a developing country, it is still sometimes regarded as a ‘poor country’ due to the rural cities which are experiencing overwhelming population growth and extreme poverty. This is, in part, of rural poverty which has led to the migration of poor people from rural to urban areas of Bangladesh in search of a better life, better job opportunities and better social services. Most of the rural migrants are fascinated by easiest ways of the urban sectors such as petty retail trade, transport, manufacturing, construction and domestic services. A greater proportion of rural migrants are engaged to

This proposal is about the effect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa. It entails the background of rural-urban migration as well as the statement of the problem, main objectives, other specific objectives, rationale, hypotheses, identification of variables, the theories of other people concerning the rural-urban migration and the literature review. Rural-urban migration is a type of migration where the migrant moves from a rural area to an urban area due to particular reasons. This concept will be thoroughly discussed in the literature

They measured informal sector based on migration unemployment and difference in development in the two sectors of the economy. This model further explains that the urban-rural migration phenomenon is due to difference between the urban-rural income expectations. High volume of urban-rural migration is taking place in developing countries and less developed countries, leading to high level of unemployment in urban areas; such areas are study areas for this model. This model states that out migrants move to urban areas expecting higher incomes however their main source of the income is retained in rural areas i.e. agricultural land. But other literature suggests that these migrants settle in urban areas and are employed in the urban sector. The model was extensively followed in the 1960’s, but with the advent of globalisation it became an equally urban phenomenon. The main reason behind this is that globalisation along with technological advancement made it easy for people to engage in the informal sector. Hence people increasingly entered the informal sector in urban areas. Most of them due to low skills and no or little education acquired casual jobs with wages less than the minimum

People want to live better than now and to find better job, more money they migrate to another countries and cities and work there. It always happen between developed and developing countries, when people to find better life they go from developing countries to developed. Sometimes only one man or woman go to another country, work there, and send his money to home to help his family, and sending money is called remittance. Alternatively, the family specialty send one of workers to another country, educate him and then he work there and send half of his money to his family, it is always man who can work much and good. And the reason of that is better work, higher wages, and aspiration of people to live

Studying the interrelationship between rural to urban migration and urban informal sector Meng (2001) find that “the issue is controversial”. According to the author, most classical migration models treat the informal sector as a temporary employment opportunity for migrants (Todaro, 1969; Fields, 1975), though some empirical studies challenged this assumption and suggested that the informal sector may play an important role in economic development (ILO, 1972; Bhattacharya, 1993; Banerjee, 1983). The study found that two groups, namely wage-earner and self-employed, in the informal sector have played different roles in attracting migrants when compared to the formal sector. While the wage-earner group provides temporary employment opportunities to migrants, the self-employed group appears to be a desirable employment choice for the in-migrants. One of the interesting finding of the study is that migrants having higher human capital choose to be self-employed

Climate-induced migration is not a new phenomenon that occurred abruptly; it has been an adaptive strategy followed frequently by different people throughout history to withstand severe climate conditions. Yet, because of the accumulation of climate hazards, many communities around the world are highly likely to forcibly flee their lands searching safer zones. In this sense, “Climate-induced refugees”, is a term that is used to indicate individuals who forcibly flee their homeland because of climate issues (McAdam, 2012). Although this phenomenon is gradually increasing, it is still regarded as a marginal or “peripheral” problem despite its critical outcome. It may appear as merely environmental; yet, it will generate