Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq for almost a third of the country’s existence as an independent nation. Since its beginning, Iraq was divided by ethnicity and tribal structures representing alternative socio-political communities in competition with central state government. In fact, Iraq has always been a weak state – defined as having just enough power and coercive force for the central government to remain in control – and its viability over time depended on its ability to govern and enforce laws. The durability of tribal structures, particularly those in the sparsely populated Sunni portions of the country, made it difficult for the Iraqi government to absorb and integrate them (Crone, 1993). These problems were exacerbated by the faction …show more content…
Beginning in the 1980s, rather than eliminating tribal sociopolitical power, Hussein sought tribal support to reinforce his power and worked to manipulate tribal leaders into making them instruments of regime authority. Next, he implemented power-sharing policies that turned tribal leaders into legitimate partners in administering state control. Hussein recruited military leaders and filled cabinet-level positions from certain tribes, particularly Sunni ones from central and western Iraq, that gained extensive influence within the regime and autonomy within tribal areas. Lastly, he tribalized the Baath Party and Iraqi society by dictating the spread and practice of tribal customs like dispute settlement process, even codifying some within Iraq’s legal system (Baram, 1997; Dawood, 2003; Sakai, 2003). Therefore, in the process of gaining tribal support, Hussein granted tribal leaders autonomy and the authority to once again act as states within a state capable of administering economic activities, resolving conflicts, and maintaining security within tribal lands. In exchange, tribes secured Iraq’s borders, provided military manpower, and prevented anti-regime elements from operating within tribal lands. Hussein rewarded compliant tribes with …show more content…
This process reflected the historic ebb and flow of tribal power, as well as the political durability of tribal structures able to broker allegiance for privileged influence. Powerful Sunni tribes and tribal confederations like the Jubur, Dulaym, Tayy, Khazraj, al-Azza, Harb, Maghamis, Mushahadah, Luhayb, and Ubayd became accustomed to receiving significant money and autonomy, as well as privileged positions within government (Otterman, 2003). Giving them these benefits in exchange for their allegiance benefited Hussein, however it also established these tribes as power brokers within the context of post-invasion Iraq, something bound to hinder the development of Iraqi democracy and nationalism. If Sunni tribes, representing a third of the Iraqi population, could choose which government to support or require exclusive privileges from their continued acquiescence, the prospect of forming an effective Iraqi democracy seemed to require strengthening the central government by weakening the tribes. However, the ongoing Iraqi insurgency, largely fueled by the same Sunni tribes, drove the United States into adopting policies the reinforced tribal power. The became particularly evident in the 2007-2008 period when the United States
This ideology can be described as a “distinct variation of Ba’athism that espouses Iraqi nationalism and an Iraq-centred Arab world, “(2B), one which Hussein believed he was destined to instil into his country. In 2003, Saddam Hussein addressed his country in an attempt to gain the public support he needed in order to fulfil his political dreams. He urges the crowd to remain loyal to him, as he believed that “a new Iraq [will be] born with firm resolution, great power of a vision and a heart … hold fast to your banner, the banner of [Allah is the Greatest]… There is nothing but it that can help motivate the resolution to rise and give to defence its profound connotation… long live Iraq and its brave Jihadist army.” This rebirth of Iraq that Hussein speaks of fuelled the patriotism and nationalism that Hussein thoroughly supported and admired his strong belief in the Jihadist army and nationalism stems from his Ba’athist upbringing. This speech clearly outlines the beliefs of Hussein which are widely important in understanding his leadership rule, and is
The disbanding of the Iraqi army and “debathification” or dismantling of the government in place only served to increase the casualties of American troops and Iraqi civilians as the radical Sunni insurgency expanded. This point of cause and effect, clash of two distinct political and cultural worlds, defined this war for the generation serving, at home and the future generations. The threat of increasing terrorism after the attack of September 11, 2001 was one of the driving force of invasion of Iraq. However, in one analysis the increase of global terrorism today is told to be well contributed by the conflicts that were fueled by the western presence in Iraq and the surrounding
During the 1980’s, Saddam Hussein and the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party controlled the Iraqi government. During their rule, Iraq had and unprecedented amount of high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but they also faced social and political stagnation. The annual income for an average citizen had decreased because of foreign sanctions, and several Ba’ath party economic policies. Hussein surrounded himself with those who were most loyal to him and became the father of the nation to the Iraqi people. During this period, Iraq was considered a stable state and considering the fact that many horrific criminal acts were committed by the regime, the state of Iraq was a functional one. As history has shown us many developing countries with dictator’s states tend to be more successful under an oppressive regime than having a democratic society. The Ba 'ath Party also created what would become a propaganda center for pro-Saddam literature, Movies, songs, and more. It was said that the propaganda campaign created a common sense of
The 2003 U.S. led invasion removed Saddam Hussein, an authoritarian from the Sunni minority who governed over a Shia-majority country. After the American invasion, Phase IV, the occupation of Iraq was established to aid Iraq in developing a new democratic regime. Iraqi inhabitants were strongly opposed to having American forces rehabilitate their country, especially after Operation Peninsula Strike. The operation involved the U.S. troops pursuing members of the Fedayeen Saddam militia, an aggressive power devoted to Hussein alongside high-ranking members of the Baath Party and former Iraqi security agencies. Together policy and actions dictated by the U.S. civil and military agents alongside Iraq’s preexisting social conditions, communitarian
Much like The Vale Kingdom in Game of Thrones, which experienced a power vacuum following the death of Jon Arryn, Iraq has been plagued by a power vacuum following the death of its previous leader. Before the US invasion in 2003, Iraq was a fairly successful country. While they did indeed have problems, their monarch-esque government was stable and the economy was flourishing in the 80’s. While the Iraq-Iran war and invasion took a heavy toll on the Iraq, things started to look better again in the 90’s (Wael). But alas, in 2003, the United States of America (backed the British) invaded Iraqi soil. Victor Hanson of The National Review, discusses how “The invasion of Iraq was a perfect storm predicated on [many] suppositions”, many of which could have been avoided, he says. The two most pushed reasons for the invasion were the war on “terrorism” and the removal of Saddam Hussein (Hanson). Hussein was the seen as the epitome of corruption and therefore had to be removed. Senators from both parties and numerous world leader agreed with this reasoning. While many had other interests in the region, the “war on terror” was the international cover-up they all used (Henke 122). Whether or not this decision was a mistake is up for debate, but the real mistake the US made, was winning the
During its preparations for the invasion, the United States made several errors based upon flawed assumptions, to include the apportionment of an inadequate number of military forces to provide security following the conclusion of major combat operations. As Iraq no longer possessed a sufficient domestic capacity to stem the increasing insurgent violence and the Coalition lacked enough forces to protect the population, this situation proved conducive to the growth and proliferation of the insurgency. Additionally, the De-Ba’athification program undermined the constituent components of governance in Iraq. As the state was unable to exercise domestic governance, the CPA, whose legitimacy Iraqis questioned, implicitly assumed responsibility for enforcing the rule of law, the deterrence of criminality, and the prevention of political violence. As the United States did not resource the CPA to execute these actions across the entirety of Iraq and because of its policy errors undertaken in the early days of the occupation, the Iraqi state deteriorated, which isolated the population and allowed for the cultivation of an insurgent
Throughout history, many nations have undergone the laborious task of nation building. Whether it was the Egyptians during the ancient period or the Germans during the modern period, many nations that exist today are the result of nation building. However, Iraq has faced many obstacles that has averted its valiant efforts in nation building. Some of the main obstacles include the extension of ethnonational and sectarian borders beyond the nation state, U.S. intervention in Iraq and the presence of ISIS. In any event, the situation in Iraq is still unstable and must be looked at with close
Iraq’s constitutional guarantee of religious freedom has done little to control sectarian violence, with the government and military lacking the capacity to hinder attacks by religious insurgents. In Iraq, Islam is the state-religion in which no legislation may contradict its tenets, however, the Iraqi Constitution grants religious tolerance and the right to freedom of belief to all citizens. Yet, while these freedoms exist in theory, they have been difficult to exercise in practise (Langely, 2013). It is obvious that the religion-state relationship in Iraq is inconsistent with Iraq’s declaration of religious freedom and democracy in its constitution.
The Coalition Provisional Authority, the transitional government of Iraq in 2003, made several key policies that backfired. The policy of “DeBaathification”, which was very broad, ruled that any member of the Baath party (Saddam’s party) would be removed from their position. This policy meant that thousands of Iraqi citizens, regardless of position, were fired. Then the CPA completely disbanded the Iraqi army, leading to thousands of jobless soldiers with weapons (Diamond43/44). This combination of disgruntled ex-government officials (mainly Sunnis) who now had no say in the government and the accessibility to weapons created the perfect recipe for a long-lasting
Iraq’s militant leader, Saddam Hussein, has been a sore in foreign relations for the United States since the 1980s. However, the United Nation’s demand for Iraqi military disarmament slowly, but effectively reduced the strength of this
The Baathist regime was dismantled not only in it higher chains of command, but in lower, more common bureaucratic functions (e.g. office workers, teachers, labor officials, etc.), leaving much of the Iraqi population unemployed and, with time, and with continually rising death tolls and destruction in their cities, all more incentive to join insurgent groups, or groups of Sunni, Shiite, or other militias vying for control in postwar
Iraq is like many other nations of the third world have artificial boundaries which divided different areas. Iraq most noticeably is the Kurds, which were split up between 4 nations, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria. Those nation's British and French colonial rulers could easier rule them by using divide and conquer policies. By the split of nation the power of the economies and politics has different ways of ruling, also.
In order to fully interpret the nation of Iraq’s holistic condition during and after the Saddam Era, Social, Political, and Economic factors must be weighed accordingly and in contrast to each other. In order to do this, the span of years leading up to 1989, and
In recent years, the Iraqi nation has endured a crisis that will forever remain in the hearts and minds of the Middle Eastern culture. However, the outcomes of the War on Iraq will not change the long-lasting and passionate traditions and memories that have been held in the country for decades. One major event that happened in Iraq’s history is that on October 3, 1932 Iraq was established as an independent nation. Iraq has always been a country in which respect and generosity have been highly valued and play an important cultural role in everyday life. Additionally, approximately ninety-five percent of Iraqis are Muslim, and therefore Islam is the official religion of this nation (Gutierrez 1). Furthermore, Iraq is a
Death, decay, crime, war, and other horrors are at the center of Hayder Al-Mohammad’s “You Have Car Insurance, we have Tribes.” The author’s intended subject, tribes, and more specifically how they are as the author says, waxing in Iraq, however, is only briefly discussed in the article, which focuses more on the city of Basra Iraq. While the Al-Mohammad does look at historical aspects of the city of Basra through the lens of tribalism, he fails to construct a reasonable argument for why tribes are needed in modern Iraq, or for that matter, in general. This is because he commits several sins in authorship, including mixing personal experience with historical fact, self-contradiction, and switching between third and first-person writing.