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Why Saddam Hussein Ruled Iraq

Decent Essays

Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq for almost a third of the country’s existence as an independent nation. Since its beginning, Iraq was divided by ethnicity and tribal structures representing alternative socio-political communities in competition with central state government. In fact, Iraq has always been a weak state – defined as having just enough power and coercive force for the central government to remain in control – and its viability over time depended on its ability to govern and enforce laws. The durability of tribal structures, particularly those in the sparsely populated Sunni portions of the country, made it difficult for the Iraqi government to absorb and integrate them (Crone, 1993). These problems were exacerbated by the faction …show more content…

Beginning in the 1980s, rather than eliminating tribal sociopolitical power, Hussein sought tribal support to reinforce his power and worked to manipulate tribal leaders into making them instruments of regime authority. Next, he implemented power-sharing policies that turned tribal leaders into legitimate partners in administering state control. Hussein recruited military leaders and filled cabinet-level positions from certain tribes, particularly Sunni ones from central and western Iraq, that gained extensive influence within the regime and autonomy within tribal areas. Lastly, he tribalized the Baath Party and Iraqi society by dictating the spread and practice of tribal customs like dispute settlement process, even codifying some within Iraq’s legal system (Baram, 1997; Dawood, 2003; Sakai, 2003). Therefore, in the process of gaining tribal support, Hussein granted tribal leaders autonomy and the authority to once again act as states within a state capable of administering economic activities, resolving conflicts, and maintaining security within tribal lands. In exchange, tribes secured Iraq’s borders, provided military manpower, and prevented anti-regime elements from operating within tribal lands. Hussein rewarded compliant tribes with …show more content…

This process reflected the historic ebb and flow of tribal power, as well as the political durability of tribal structures able to broker allegiance for privileged influence. Powerful Sunni tribes and tribal confederations like the Jubur, Dulaym, Tayy, Khazraj, al-Azza, Harb, Maghamis, Mushahadah, Luhayb, and Ubayd became accustomed to receiving significant money and autonomy, as well as privileged positions within government (Otterman, 2003). Giving them these benefits in exchange for their allegiance benefited Hussein, however it also established these tribes as power brokers within the context of post-invasion Iraq, something bound to hinder the development of Iraqi democracy and nationalism. If Sunni tribes, representing a third of the Iraqi population, could choose which government to support or require exclusive privileges from their continued acquiescence, the prospect of forming an effective Iraqi democracy seemed to require strengthening the central government by weakening the tribes. However, the ongoing Iraqi insurgency, largely fueled by the same Sunni tribes, drove the United States into adopting policies the reinforced tribal power. The became particularly evident in the 2007-2008 period when the United States

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