1. Define what a xenoestrogen is, give two examples of them, and explain why they are clinically significant to women’s health.
a. Xenoestrogen are estrogens that are not found in the human body. They are members of a wider class of chemicals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, that hamper with normal functioning of the endocrine system. One examples of xenoestrogen is bisphenol A (BPA) which is used in the manufacturing of plastics and is found in the linings of food cans. Studies have shown that females exposed to BPA in utero or during early life had changes in their developing mammary glands that could predispose them to cancer in adulthood. Another example of xenoestrogen is phthalates which is used to make plastic soft and flexible and can be found in cosmetic items to cleaning materials. They can bind weakly to both the estrogen receptor and the androgen receptor and can cross the
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Sources: http://www.nickdelgado.com https://drrandolphswellnessstore.com
4. Explain what happens in a tubal/ectopic pregnancy. Could it result in a viable pregnancy? Why or why not?
a. An ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus. Usually, the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy most often occurs in a fallopian tube. This type of ectopic pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy. Occasionally, an ectopic pregnancy happens in other areas of the body, such as the ovary, abdominal cavity or the cervix.
An ectopic pregnancy can't proceed normally because a fertilized egg can’t survive outside of the uterus, the tissue has to be removed to keep you from having serious complications. Medication and surgery are the two methods used to treat it.
Sources: http://americanpregnancy.org
"Among the routes of human exposure to estrogens, we are mostly concerned about cow 's milk,” says Davaasambuu, “which contains considerable amounts of female sex hormones." Dairy accounts for 60 percent to 80 percent of estrogens consumed according to Davaasambuu.
pass into the uterus. If this happens, the embryo may implant in the tube causing a tubal
GROSS DESCRIPTION: Exam of the specimen designated “left fallopian tube” reveals the presence of a fallopian tube measuring 6 cm in length and 2.3 cm in average diameter. Sectioning of the tube shows it to be
In endometriosis, this endometrial tissue begins to grow in places outside the uterus. Typical sites include the fallopian tubes, intestines, vagina, and on scars that my form after abdominal surgery. The misplaced endometrial tissue thickens, engorges with blood and bleeds during the menstrual cycle, just like the normal tissue in the uterus. However, there is no place for the abnormally placed endometrial tissue outside the uterus to shed blood. This results in the formation of cysts, scars, and adhesions. This process can also block or affect the fallopian tubes so that conception and pregnancy are less likely to happen. It can also result in complete infertility. Other symptoms of endometriosis are often associated with heavy or painful periods. Risk factors for the development of endometriosis include having a mother or sister with the disorder, never having children, starting the menstrual period at an early age, and frequent or long periods. According to Dr. Camron Nezhat, Laparoscopic Surgeon at Stanford University, 5.5% of women in the U.S are infected with Endometriosis and 30% to 40% are infertile as a result of it.
pregnancy is taken out of the uterus of the women by medical abortion which involves taking
the menstrual cycle, estrogen affects the reproductive tract, the urinary tract, the heart and blood
Exploratory laparoscopy can be performed if there is concern for ectopic pregnancy. Patients in pain and/or those who are hemodynamically unstable should proceed to laparoscopy. Laparoscopy allows assessment of the pelvic structures, the size and exact location of the ectopic pregnancy, the presence of hemoperitoneum (see the image below), and the presence of other conditions such as ovarian cysts and endometriosis, which, when present with an intrauterine pregnancy, can mimic an ectopic pregnancy. Furthermore, laparoscopy provides the option to treat once the diagnosis is established. Laparoscopy remains the criterion standard for diagnosis; however, its routine use on all patients suspected of ectopic pregnancy may lead to unnecessary risks, morbidity, and costs. Moreover, laparoscopy can miss up to 4% of early ectopic pregnancies; as more ectopic pregnancies are diagnosed earlier in gestation, the rate of false-negative results with laparoscopy would be expected to
Is estrogen good? Is it bad? How much do I need? Understanding estrogen, the good, the bad and the ugly can be complex. Both men and women produce the hormone, estrogen. Women naturally have higher levels due to their reproductive organs and for the purpose of procreation. Estrogen is the primary source of our sex hormones and is mostly responsible for our reproductive health. Our bodies make these “good” or healthy estrogens and this is completely normal. These “good” estrogens can help to give us energy, boost our libido and protect us from certain cancers, including breast and ovarian. On the flip side, there are also “bad” estrogens or xenoestrogens, a type of hormone that mimics estrogen. Our body
My placenta remained connected inside my womb, which is a problem called placenta accreta ...
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used to synthesize polycarbonates and epoxy resins for the manufacturing of products to which we are exposed in daily manners. BPA is considered a xenoestrogen because of its high affinity for estrogen receptors and related receptors, also, because it is known to have a disruptive effect on blastocyst implantation when ingested or injected in doses 10,000 times the effective dose of E2.
Chemicals are also suspected to cause breast cancer. Xenoestrogens are chemicals with estrogen-like effects, they are found in pesticides and other common industrial products. Other estrogen-like chemicals that have a stronger association with breast cancer include dieldrin and beta-hexachloraocyclohexane. Although these chemicals are very weak estrogens, one study showed that exposure to single weak-estrogen compounds isn’t a big risk but a combination of two or more chemicals result in extremely high estrogenic
Of particular interest are those chemicals, which mimic the female hormone of estrogen, which is
The impact of certain estrogenic xenobiotics on the reproductive system development and health of animals has been clearly documented. Findings, such as ours demonstrate thathumans are also exposed at risk. As data accumulate regarding to infertility, genital tract malformations and increasing cancer rates in estrogen target tissues (especially the breast),
tubes. Using this, attempts to fertilize the egg outside her body. In vitro fertilization can help women with hopelessly blocked fallopian
The androgens affect males by controlling the onset of puberty, biological fertility etc and the estrogens are important to females hormones which control the timing of biological maturity and menstruation. Girls exposed to higher levels of androgen are defeminized in sex type interests, abilities and behaviour, but not core gender identity. “Some studies by John Money and his colleagues have been made of girls whose mothers received excessive amounts of androgens during pregnancy (to reduce the likelihood of miscarriage) .The babies developed Androgential Syndrome. As they grew they tended to be more aggressive and “tomboyish”, and less feminine.