Zeolitic Imidazolate Lab Report

Initially, Nafion is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) that conducts ions and water through its nanostructure, making it important for many energy-related industrial applications (Virginia Tech, 2011). Examples include organic batteries, fuel cells and reverse-osmosis water purification. It is composed of molecules featuring the conductive nature of acids, in addition to the non-stick, tough characteristics of Teflon. Furthermore, Nafion consists of ionic nanochannels which swiftly transmit water throughout the

Figure 2.6 shows the structure of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) used. A polymer must be dissolved in solvent to mix well for membrane fabrication. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as a solvent in this study. According to Hilal, Ismail & Wright (2015), the membrane porosity and water permeability of the membranes were dependent on the diffusivity of solvent and non-solvent used.

Torlon 4000T-HV, a commercially available polyamide-imide (PAI) (Solvay Advanced Polymers, Alpharetta, GA), whereas all liquid chemicals were of reagent grade with 99% purity and purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI) .N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (Reagent Plus, 99%, Sigma–Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; average Mw.1300 K, Sigma- Aldrich), Methanol (ACS grade, VWR) and hexane (ACS Reagent, >98.5%, VWR), TEOS (Sigma–Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI), 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxsilane (APS) was used as agent for grafting Torlon 4000T-HV,zirconia ,titania , and silica-Torlon hollow fibers catalysts (diaminosilane, Gelest, Inc.) . Zirconia, titania, and silica (average particle size 100nm, Sigma–Aldrich). Styrene oxide 99% purity

Initially known amount of zeolite was uniformly dispersed in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) using ultrasonication for 2 h at 30°C. 3 g of PVC polymer was then added to the solution with stirring at ambient temperature for 1-2 hours and left undisturbed for few hours to result bubble free homogenous polymer solution. This solution was further cast on a glass plate and kept in oven maintained at60°C for 48h to produce dense membrane. This method of producing dense membrane is termed as “solution casting and solvent evaporative

For the treatment of (TCE) trichloroethane, an organic contaminant present in water, the surface of the zero valent iron nanoparticle is modified to hold a membrane made of oil-liquid . This oil-liquid membrane which is made of biodegradable oil, food-grade surfactant, and water is hydrophobic and forms an emulsion with (ZVI). This is named as emulsified zero valent iron (EZVI). as all DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), such as the emulsion is miscible with the contaminant, the trichloroethane are hydrophobic, allowing an increased contact between the ZVI, DNAPL,and the TCE present within the oil droplet emulsion. Whereas the ZVI in the emulsion remains reactive, the chlorinated compounds are continuously de-chlorinated within the aqueous

PTFE is then polymerised via two separate methods, of which all entail different polymerisation processes. First, a reaction chamber is filled with purified water and a reaction agent of which will initiate the formation of PTFE and the TFE is added to the chamber. Once this occurs, the final PTFE forms solid grains that float to the surface of the water where they can then be utilized. This chemical process releases heat and therefore the chamber is cooled via the circulation of cold water. The second process to polymerise TFE is known and dispersion polymerisation and is similar to that of the first method however the reaction chamber is not shaken but rather gently agitated. This results in the PTFE being similar to that of small beads. Next, the PTFE beats settle via removing some of the water or adding chemicals of which results in a milk-like substance known as PTFE dispersion to be utilized (Madehow.com, n.d.). Both methods demonstrate that polymerising TFE to PTFE results in linear polymers without

In 2016, fossil fuel products (petroleum and gas) provided around 95 % of the energy for transportation in U.S. (IPCC, 2014). Since mobility has increased, the greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds have also increased due to the fossil fuel consumption. Other than the environmental concerns, fossil fuels are also considered to be limited. Because of all these problems, alternative and more sustainable solutions are being researched and developed. One of the long-term solutions is considered to be fuel cells that are based on renewable fuels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received substantial attention in transportation sector due to its greater power density and

The introduction of biodegradable membranes limits the drawback of non-resorbable one but also the use of traditional biodegradable plates and screws have some disadvantages including poor mechanical stability, difficulty handling properties, and time-consuming fixation. So the introduction of PDLLA (poly-L, D-lactic acid) copolymers had been developed to resolve these

Usage of membranes as cellulose acetate filters and EPTFE (EXPANDED polytetraflouro ethylene) as GRT barriers as they has these properties:

The mesoporous silicas MCM-41, UVM-7 and UVM-11 were investigated to incorporate Ni8 SMMs. The unimodal silica MCM-41 has small pores of 2.8 nm diameter while UVM-7 has bimodal pores of 2.58 nm and 34.89 nm. A third silica, UVM-11, which is a porous amorphous xerogel was also studied to act as

The paper reports water and gas flow measurements through carbon nanotubes with diameters of less than 2 nanometers. The measurement of water flow indicated that the values exceeded those predicted by hydrodynamics models by several orders of magnitude. The water flow rates were similar to those predicted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The measurement of gas flow revealed that the predictions given by the Knudsen Diffusion model, commonly employed for systems in which the pore diameter ranges in between 2 and 50 nm, were off by more than an order of magnitude. The study also showed that these nanotubes had greater permeability of gas and water as compared to commercial polycarbonate membranes, which are generally used for filtration, despite having pore sizes that were smaller in size. This study is interesting because it provides for an in depth study of mass transfer and filtration at a nanometer level in a confined space.

In addition, the formed complex is chemically reversible, and therefore easy to break with a relatively small amount of energy. The advantage of this operation is the lower energy requirement for the separation as the break of the complex can be done by using simple engineering operations, such as heating or de-pressurization [4, 5]. Hollow fiber membrane contactors have been considered as an alternative mean for gas/ liquid separation which have many advantages over conventional direct gas/ liquid techniques such as spray towers and packed/tray columns [6]. In this process, two phases gas phase and an absorbent solvent come into direct contact for mass transfer without the dispersion of one phase into the other due to the presence of the

The use of amino-polyalcohol ligands has been a particularly successful approach to synthesise such 3d-4f complexes, thanks to the degrees of freedom offered by the flexible ligand backbones.39 In previous work, we have shown how the ligand 1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane (H6L, Fig. 1) can be used to build up polynuclear assemblies of 3d TM ions.40-43 Using H6L, both serendipitous assembly and directed synthesis were employed to synthesise novel compounds, with the most spectacular example being a [Mn18Cu6] complex built in a stepwise fashion starting from a monomeric precursor complex of Cu(II) with H6L.40 Whichever the approach, H6L has a tendency to encapsulate one 3d TM ion in the coordination pocket defined by the

Three types of linear and planar-structured donor (D)–acceptor (A) type alternating copolymers were synthesized by incorporating intrachain noncovalent Coulomb interactions, based on 2,5-bisthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-1,4-bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene and benzothiadiazole (BT) moieties. The chain linearity and systematic adjustment of interchain organization was achieved by the incorporation of different number of electronegative fluorine atoms onto BT, which significantly affected the frontier energy levels, film morphology, and the resulting charge transport properties. Bimodal semi-crystalline orientation and charge carrier transport properties were studied by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and polymer filed effect transistor (PFET) characteristics measurements. The hole mobility as high as 0.1 cm2/Vs in PFET was measured for poly(2,5-bisthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-1,4-bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene-alt-4,7-(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3 -benzothiadiazole)) (PPDTT2FBT), suggesting a strong self-organization in the linear configuration with conformation lock with the help of fluorine atoms. The linear and difluorinated PPDTT2FT also showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE, 6.4%) by blending with PC71BM, but showed a poorer photovoltaic performance compared to the wavy-structured counterpart, PPDT2FBT, reported previously. The mainly edge-on orientation of PPDTT2FT and poor blend film morphology attributed to the moderate PCE in the blends. Fine modulation

Freire et al. (2011) - In this work, novel IL-carbohydrate-based ABS are reported making use of a water-stable ionic liquid – 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C4mim][CF3SO3]) – combined with a broad