The Zika virus is rapidly becoming a prominent problem throughout the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The Zika virus is an arbovirus that inhabits Aedes species of mosquito populations and can infect humans through a bite. The Zika virus is also spread through sexual contact which is also causing fears in countries which Zika is rapidly spreading. The first case of Zika virus was discovered in Uganda in 1947 and has traveled across countries ever since. Zika is a single stranded RNA virus that has around 11000 base pairs. Upon infection, some common symptoms are fever, headache, rash, and diarrhea. These symptoms usually persist up to seven days and are usually mild in nature. However, some people may experience no symptoms at all which could further …show more content…
The Zika virus stocks that were grown were used to test the specificity and sensitivity of the rRT-PCR assay. Along with the Zika virus, other flaviviruses and arboviruses were used to test the specificity of this PCR reaction. The viral stocks were then titrated, stained and dried at room temperature. The plaques were counted once dried. After sequencing the Zika strains from Africa, the primers and LNA probe sequences were designed. The taqman probe contained a reporter dye, FAM, at the 5’ end with a quencher dye, TAMRA, at the 3’ end of the probe. The RNA quantification was done using the fluorescent dye RiboGreen was is specific to single-stranded RNA. A RNA standard that was used for the rRT-PCR was generated to identify the limit of the assay. For the extraction of the viral RNA, the RNA was extracted from the stock and mixed with buffer and ethanol and transferred to a column containing silica. The RNA was then amplified using real-time RT-PCR using a 25 ul reaction mixture including enzyme mixture, buffer, primers, probe, water and the RNA sample. The quantification was conducted in a 96-well plate used as a fluorimeter, to measure fluorescence. One positive and one negative control were used for each amplification. The positive control was stock nucleic acid and the negative control was water. The first cycle of PCR consisted of 10 minutes at 50°C and 15 minutes at 95°C. After the first cycle, 40 consequent cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C and then 1 minutes at 60°C. All 37 strains of the Zika virus were detected by the assay. The regression coefficient (R²=.9987) of the Ct value vs. Log graph indicated that the assay was highly reproducible. The detection limit for the rRT-PCR was shown to be .05 pfu per reaction using the same methods and materials. The Ct values ranged from 25.60 to 36.24 and were extremely correlated (R²=.9984). These
First isolated from a rhesus monkey in Uganda, the Zika virus (ZIK V) did not pose a serious global threat until recent outbreaks in 2007 on Yap Island in Micronesia and the current outbreak which began in 2013 in the French Polynesia. And, although the virus is transmitted via infected mosquitoes, studies indicate that the disease potentially can be transmitted sexually (Musso, D., Roche, C., Robin, E., Nhan, T., Teissier, A., and
Zika virus was discovered by scientists in the Zika rainforest in a remote part of Uganda in 1947, in the serum of an infected rheseus monkey. With five thousand two hundred thirty- four known cases of the infectious virus documented in the United States. There is currently no vaccination for the flu like virus. The chief concern of the healthcare administration is to continue to take preventive measures to prevent contracting the virus. Within the same flavivirus family
How is the Zika virus affecting pregnant women in the United States? A report published Tuesday by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, provided evidence of the risk of birth defects increasing when women are infected in the first trimester. The hypothesis of the report indicated that one in 10 pregnant women with Zika virus in U.S. have babies with birth defects and that there was at least one pregnant woman with a suspected Zika virus infection in every state of the United States. The USZPR includes data of the 50 states and Washington, D.C. This study was in response to the recent outbreak of Zika virus cases worldwide and the concerns of birth defects linked to this virus. Babies infected with the Zika virus are born with small heads, known as microcephaly, a
I have decided to discuss the article “Where's Zika Most Likely in the U.S.? The Answer May Surprise You” by Maggie Fox. There is a lot of concern in the news, throughout the healthcare industry, and the United States about Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and its’ role in the cause and symptoms of the Zika virus. Many factors play into an ideal climate for the mosquitoes. Heat, humidity, and heavy rains in the summertime will provide an ideal climate for them to thrive. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), “Zika virus spreads to people primarily through mosquito bites. The most common symptoms of Zika virus disease are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon” (Zika virus, para. 1). However, the fear that there will be a major Zika virus outbreak here in the United States is unsubstantiated at this time. The CDC (2016) notes, “Outbreaks of Zika have occurred in areas of Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the
“This study marks a turning point in the Zika outbreak. It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly”( Tom Frieden). Microcephaly is an abnormal smallness of the head, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development. With the Olympics being held in Brazil, there is much cause to attention the potential disease being brought back to the U.S. by female athletes bringing an epidemic to carry havoc on the citizens of the United States. It can be spread very easily through mosquito bites of the yellow fever mosquito. From the mosquitoes, the virus does not cause many symptoms to its victims generating unknown awareness of the virus. “ Only one in five people who become infected with Zika virus will feel sick. Symptoms of Zika virus infection include fever, rash, pink eye, pains in joints, pain behind the eyes, headache, and muscle pains”( Levison, Matthew). The symptoms, if any, last 4-7 days in most cases. The Zika Virus is an easily spread disease with few symptoms.
This article focuses on the outbreak of the Zika virus, which has recently begun spreading across the world with an emphasis on Latin American countries Brazil and Colombia. There are currently over 26,000 people who have been confirmed as infected with the virus in Colombia alone and this number is expected to rise dramatically to about 600,000 within the coming months considering the location and altitude of the countries and the frequency of their carrier mosquito. The virus has no vaccine yet; all prevention methods are focused on controlling the mosquitos spreading the disease by promoting proper sanitation regarding dirty water storage and accumulated trash. Among the people infected is 16-year-old Angie Paola Castro, one of 3,177 women
First, the Zika virus is carried by mosquitos. It can be transmitted by getting bitten by an affected mosquito. For some people symptoms can be felt as brief mild flu-like illness (Brown). The virus has many ways of spreading throughout the world.
There has been 426 cases of the Zika Virus reported when people leave and enter new countries. Zika is a very dangerous virus people need to watch for. This deadly disease is very dangerous as it spreads through many different countries.
It spreads to humans primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito species (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). Symptoms of this virus is either mild or do not have any symptoms at all. If it does show any symptoms, then it lasts up to a week. If pregnant women are infected with Zika virus then it can result in birth defects called microcephaly and even other severe brain defects.
The virus did not become fatal until a few years ago. The common symptoms of Zika in adults are fever, rash, joint pain and a headache but some adults affected show no symptoms at all. The infected person usually is sick for up to a week. In February of 2016 the center for CDC has now three counts of Zika being a sexually transmitted disease in the USA. The CDC have newly founded that Zika stays in the man’s sperm for up to ten weeks with no symptoms.
In conclusion the zika virus is a dangerous thing to the humans and the other animals out in the world. I hope you have learn something about this. Like the effect it could have on you or other
What is the Zika virus exactly? Have you heard of it before? Have you seen what it has done? It's just now starting to affect people in the U.S. The Zika virus is a usually mild disease that's transmitted through mosquitos. Most people recover, and severe illness or deaths from the virus are rare. The Zika virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women and their babies, and is thought to be spread around Central and South America to which pregnant women have been advised to not travel, because of results in sickness, and fatal birth defects in newborn babies. However many things are being done to fight the virus at all costs.
The Zika virus is a disease that has been tearing through all of the Americas. With its new found, symptoms scientists are in a scramble to figure out how it happened and how to stop it. But, if scientists don’t find a cure quickly this disease could continue to spread to the rest of Northern America and even all over the
Scientists had been conducting “routine surveillance” for yellow fever within the Zika forest, and realized the test results were in fact not yellow fever, but a different virus they decided to call Zika (World Health Organization 2016). That year, the same scientists decided to isolate the virus from the monkey so that they were able to conduct more research on it. They learned that specifically the Aedes mosquito, which they later caught in the Zika forest, transmits the virus. The name Zika comes from the Zika forest in Uganda, which translates to “overgrown forest” in Ugandan. In 1952, the virus was discovered in humans from Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzanian. The original recipients had mild symptoms including: fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes; it seemed to be something that wasn’t much of a concern. The virus then spread to Asia “The known geographical distribution of Zika expands to equatorial Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan, where the virus is detected in
Zika virus is a serious arbovirus (originating from arthropods) belonging to the family flaviviridae, carried and spread mainly by mosquito species known as Aedes aegyptii and A. albopictus (vectors), which thrive in the tropical and equatorial climates. The virus was first identified in Ziika rain forest in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys and later on identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania. More cases were reported between 1960 and 1980 as the virus spread across West Africa and Asia. The first major outbreak was reported in 2007 in the Island of Yap where 73% of its residents were