(1) In antibody structure, where are can we find unique variable domains? A. at the tip of each polypeptide chain B. on the stem region of the antibody C. at the bottom of each polypeptide chain D. only on immunoglobulin E (2) The stem region of the antibody determines the: A. general immunological mechanism of action B. specific inflammatory response C. specific immunological mechnism of action D. shape of the variable domains (3) Antibodies are proteins that consists of ------ polypeptides in a ------ shaped structure.

(1) In antibody structure, where are can we find unique variable domains? A. at the tip of each polypeptide chain B. on the stem region of the antibody C. at the bottom of each polypeptide chain D. only on immunoglobulin E (2) The stem region of the antibody determines the: A. general immunological mechanism of action B. specific inflammatory response C. specific immunological mechnism of action D. shape of the variable domains (3) Antibodies are proteins that consists of ------ polypeptides in a ------ shaped structure.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5TYK

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Before the mechanism for generating antibody diversity had been established, a mechanism based on protein folding around an antigen was proposed, primarily by Linus Pauling. In this model, antibodies that had different specificities had the same amino acid sequence but were folded in different ways. Propose a test of this model.
The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in …. Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to bind various classes of antigens (viral, bacterial etc) c. Make up of the heavy and light chains d. Rate of mutation in the variable domain (i.e. speed at which each class can respond to a new antigen) e. Size of the variable domain
Construct a typical antibody (immunoglobulin) molecule. Label the variable and constant regions, and the light and heavy chains. Indicate which region determines the antibody’s isotype (class). Indicate which region determines its antigenic specificity.
Which of the two antibodies shown in the figure below are most likely to have the same antigen-binding specificity? Explain your reasoning
1. Antigens are made up of specific sequences of amino acids called ----- that determine their structure. A. epitopes B. multivalent sites C. paratropes D. constant regions 2. Which scenario best describes antibody cross-reactivity? A. A single pathogen with multiple epitopes is recognized by a multivalent antibody. B. Multipleepitopes are recognized by multiple antibodies C. A single epitope is recognized by multiple antibodies D. Two distinct, but structurally similar epitopes are recognized by the same antibody 3. What is the major benefit of cross-reactivity? A. Cross-reactivity permits the allergic response. B. Cross-reactivity promotes a faster immune response against unrelated pathogens. C. Cross-reactivity enhances immunity by providing protection against related pathogens. D. Cross-reactivity allows the immune system to respond to pathogens in various locations within the host (i.e., skin, mucosal tissues, extracellular fluids, etc.)
The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin is The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin is formed from a. the V regions of light chains only b. the C regions of heavy chains only c. paired V regions of a single heavy chain and a single light chain d. paired V regions of two light chains e. paired C regions of two heavy chains.
Based on the constant region of the antibodies there are only five iso-types of the antibodies, while millions of different Variable region domains in the variable part of the antibodies. why?
DRAW IT Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the Vand C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label theantigen-binding sites, disulfide bridges, and transmembrane region. Where are these features located relativeto the V and C regions?
Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the V and C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label the antigenbinding sites, disulfide bridges, and transmembrane region. Where are these features located relative to the V and C regions?
Antibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.
1. The fact that the immune system has such great flexibility that it is able to produce such a large pool of antibody proteins in which at lease on in that pool would be able to recognize any unique antigen to which you might be exposed is because Select one: a. the light and heavy chain amino acid sequences vary widely within an antibody class b. antibody proteins contain multiple antigen binding sites c. the hyper-variable heavy chain sequence leads to wide antigen recognition d. the amino acid sequences of the antigen binding site varies tremendously between different antibody molecules e. an antibody protein can bind many different types of antigens Clear my choice 2. Activation of any of the Complement Cascades in response to a bacterial infection occurs rapidly because Select one: A. activation of all the pathways leads to a fast response B. bacteria are easily and quickly recognized by the initiating Complement pathway enzymes. C. the first protein in the system (Cl) is the…
Which of the following binds to the Fc portion of the antibody? A. C1q B. C2a C. C1r D. C1s E. C2b