1) In the medium run monetary and fiscal policies are neutral. 2) An increase in the workers bargaining power leads to an increase in the équilibrium nominal wage however, the equilibrium real wage stays constant. 3) In terms of changing output, monetary policy is relatively more effective in the short run when the AS curve is relatively flat, while fiscal policy is more effective when the AS curve is relatively steep. 4) In medium run, output and price level always return to the same level. 5) Expansionary monetary policy has no effect on the level of output in the medium run.
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- Using a correctly labelled aggregate demand and aggregate supply diagram, show how the increase in investment will affect each ofthe following in the short run.i. Output ii. The price level c. Identify one fiscal policy action that could counter the increase in investment. Explain how this policy will affect each of the following.i. Output ii. The price level iii. Nominal interest rates d. i. Identify one monetary policy action that could counter the increase in investmentsii. Using a correctly labelled money market graph, show how this policywill affect nominal interest rates1) The IS-LM Model a) In the IS/LM model explain what happens to equilibrium output and interest rate if governmentsimultaneously pursues expansionary fiscal policy and the central bank opts for a contractionarymonetary policy. Show with the help of a graph along with a very brief verbal explanation. b) Label the statements below as true or false and give a brief explanation for false statementsonly. i) For a given level of P (price), if M (nominal money) increases by 10%, M/P also increases by10% ii) A monetary expansion leads to a lower output and a higher interest rate. iii) Equilibrium in the financial market implies that an increase in income leads to a decrease ininterest rate making the LM curve downward sloping. c) Assume a model economy with the following parameters:C= 100 + 0.25 YD ; I= 100 + 0.5Y - 3000iG= 125 ; T= 100 ;(M/P)d = 6Y - 24000i ; (M/P)s = 4500Derive the IS and LM relation. 2) The short and medium run a) Suppose that the mark-up of goods prices over marginal…Suppose the economywide demand for money is given by: M = P(0.3Y − 25,000i). The price level P equals 3, and real output Y equals 8,000. a. At what value should the Fed set the nominal money supply if it wants to set the nominal interest rate at 2 percent? The nominal money supply should be set at $ . b. At what value should the Fed set the nominal money supply if it wants to set the nominal interest rate at 3 percent? The nominal money supply should be set at $ .
- Suppose that the Fed sets the interest rate and adjusts the money supply accordingly (i.e., horizontal LM curve) and the economy is in recession. (a) In this part, suppose also that private business investment spending depends only on sales expectations. What kind of policy mix would be able to increase output? Why? Explain. [Hint: Begin with showing the implications of assumptions first.] (b) In this part, suppose also that private business investment spending depends on both sales expectations and the rate of interest. How would your answer in part (a) change? What if the interest rate is already equal to zero (i.e., the zero lower bound). What kind of policy mix would be able to increase output? Why? Explain.A Keynesian economy is described by the following equations. Consumption Cd = 250 + 0.5(Y - T) - 250r Investment Id = 250 - 250r Government purchases G = 300 Government taxes T = 300 Real money demand L = 0.5Y - 500r + πe Money supply M = 3000 Full-employment output Y = 1250 Expected inflation πe = 0 (HINT a: The expected rate of inflation is assumed to equal zero so that money demand depends directly on the real interest rate, which equals the nominal interest rate. Domestic Savings, Sd =Y - C - G. In equilibrium set domestic savings equal to domestic investment, so Sd = Id) Calculate the values of the real interest rate (r), consumption (Cd), and investment (Id) for the economy in general equilibrium.Please consider the real balance demand below.ln m = α0 + α1 ln y + α2 ln Ra) What is the economic meaning of α1 and α2 ? Prove your claim for α1.b) Assume that α1 = 1.0 and α2 = -0.4. Interpret α1 and α2.c) Solve the real balance demand for R using the numerical values in (b) above.d) Consider R = r = 0.04 and y / m = 5 for the zero inflation rate. Assuming that the real interest rate r is constant and 4%, calculate the inflation rate for the nominal interest rate R = 25%.e) Using the values in (b) and (d) above, calculate the inflation welfare cost as a percentage of total output y.f) explain intuitively the economic logic behind the calculation method in (e) above.
- Now, consider an economy in which the demand for money is of the formY(1 + it)for t = 0, 1, 2, · · · , where output is 150 and it denotes the nominal interest rate inperiod t. The REAL INTEREST RATE, denoted r, is constant and equal to 4%. In period0 and 1, the money supply is 100 and people expect that money supply wouldbe 100 forever. People have rational expectations. In period 2, the central banksurprises people and sets the money supply will grow at 2 percent forever, that is,M0 = 100, M1 = 100, M2 = (1.02)M1, M3 = (1.02)M2, and so on. A. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 1,and expected inflation in period 2, given the information available in period1, π1, i1,M1 / P1, and, E1π2. B. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 2,and expected inflation in period 3, given the information available in period 2. (π2, i2, M2 / P2 and E2π3.) C. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, and real money…Now, consider an economy in which the demand for money is of the formY / (1 + it) for t = 0, 1, 2, · · · , where output is 150 and it denotes the nominal interest rate inperiod t. The real interest rate, denoted r, is constant and equal to 4%. In period0 and 1, the money supply is 100 and people expect that money supply wouldbe 100 forever. People have rational expectations. In period 2, the central banksurprises people and sets the money supply will grow at 2 percent forever, that is,M0 = 100, M1 = 100, M2 = (1.02)M1, M3 = (1.02)M2, and so on. A . Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 1,and expected inflation in period 2, given the information available in period1, π1, i1, M1 / P1 and, E1π2. B . Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 2, and expected inflation in period 3, given the information available in period 2, π2, i2, M2 / P2 and E2π3. C . Compare E1π2 and π2.Within the Dornbusch Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPMM) explain the short run and long run impact of a 10% decrease in the domestic money supply at time tl, after an initial equilibrium, using the dynamics of relevant macro-variables. What happens to domestic prices, interest rates and the spot rate over time? Explain using the money market and purchasing power parity why these macro variables respond the way they do to this exogenous monetary shock, according to this model. Supply relevant graphs. Be clear whether there is a domestic currency appreciation or depreciation.
- Assume that a country’s economy is in a short-run equilibrium and the actual unemployment rate is lower than the natural rate of unemployment. Using a correctly labeled graph of the long-run aggregate supply curve, short-run aggregate supply curve, and aggregate demand curve, show each of the following. Current price level, labeled PL1, and current output level, labeled Y1 The full-employment output level, labeled YF. What open-market operation can the country’s central bank use to move the economy toward its long-run equilibrium? Use a correctly labeled money-market graph to show how the country’s central bank action to move the economy toward its long-run equilibrium affects the equilibrium nominal interest rate in the short run. Based on the interest rate change from part (c), will each of the following increase, decrease, or remain the same in the short run? Real output. Explain. Natural rate of unemployment Assume instead that the central bank does not pursue…A Keynesian economy is described by the following equations. Desired consumption equation: Cd = 300 + 0.4(Y – T) – 300r Desired investment equation: I d = 300 – 300r Government purchases G = 317 Taxes T = 305 Money demand equation L = 0.4Y – 600(r + πe ) The nominal money supply M = 4428 The expected rate of inflation, πe = 0.03 Full-employment values of output Y = 1305 2 (a) Calculate the values of the real interest rate, the price level, consumption, and investment for the economy in general equilibrium. (b) Now suppose government purchases increase to 347 with no change in taxes. What will be the real interest rate, the price level, output, consumption, and investment in the short run? What will be the real interest rate, the price level, output, consumption, and investment in the long run?Suppose the money demand function is = 1000 + 0.2Y - 1000 (r + πe). Required (a.) Calculate velocity if Y = 2000, r = 0.06, and πe = 0.04. (b.) If the money supply (Ms) is 2600, what is the price level? (c.) Now suppose the real interest rate rises to 0.11, but Y and Ms are unchanged. What happens to velocity and the price level? (d.) For part (c.), if the nominal interest rate were to rise from 0.10 to 0.15 over the course of a year, with Y remaining at 2000, what would the inflation rate be?