1. AES is used to encrypt data transferred over a wireless channel. Unfortunately, on arrival, one of the ciphertext blocks has a 3-bit error (the others all arrive sUccessfully). What will happen when the receiver decrypts the received ciphertext if AES is used in: a) ECB mode? b) CBC mode? c) CTR mode?
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- 1. Symmetric Encryption and Message Confidentiality: a) Figure 2 shows the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC). There is an error in the transmitted Ciphertext no 1. i) Is there any block further than P1 is affected? ii) Suppose there is a bit error in the source version of P1. Through how many ciphertext blocks is this error propagated? What is the effect on the receiver? iii) Identify which decrypted plaintext blocks Px will be corrupted if there is an error in block C4 of the transmitted ciphertext.N blocks of plaintext (P1 to PN) are being encrypted in CBC mode into ciphertext blocks (C1 to CN). Assume that two bits of C3 and one bit of C6 are erroneous (their binary values have flipped). Determine what blocks of the plaintext will be affected and howComparing CBC mode to OFB mode, only in OFB mode... A. each block is encrypted separately B. an initialization vector is utilized C. each ciphertext block depends on the previous ciphertext block D. a key stream is utilized
- If you need to deliver a large file across an encrypted channel, your best options are crypt feedback mode or cypher block chaining. How much more effective is one than the other?Computer Science With the CBC/OFB/CFB/CTR mode: (a) if there is a single bit transmission error in block C3 of the ciphertext, which plaintext blocks are affected? CBC and CTR (b) Suppose that there is a bit error in the source version of P1. Through how many ciphertext blocks is this error propagated? What is the effect at the receiver?If you need to deliver a large file across an encrypted channel, your best options are crypt feedback mode or cypher block chaining. How much more effective is one than the other, exactly?
- What is the biggest advantage of CBC mode of operation a. It does not need Initialization Vector (IV) b. A cipher text block depends on all blocks before it c. It does not propagate errors in the cipher text d. It can encrypt in parallel different parts of the messagesExplain briefly how the hybrid approach should be used to encrypt a long message.Q1. Part-1. Explain the following:If F is an error-detection function, either internal or external use will provide error-detection capability. If anybit of the transmitted message is altered, this will be reflected in a mismatch of the received FCS and thecalculated FCS, whether the FCS function is performed inside or outside the encryption function. Somecodes also provide an error-correction capability. Depending on the nature of the function, if one or a smallnumber of bits is altered in transit, the error-correction code contains sufficient redundant information todetermine the errored bit or bits and correct them. Clearly, an error-correction code will provide errorcorrection capability when used external to the encryption function. Will it also provide this capability if usedinternal to the encryption function?
- The traceroute programme may transmit IP datagrams of various sizes to X to produce a trace. Describe how to capture traceroute packets.2. You have written a terminal emulation program which sends and receives individual 8-bit keystrokes. Now you want to add encryption, to provide confidentiality. You decide to make use of AES-256-CFB - that is AES with a 256-bit key, operating in cipher feedback mode. Once a connection is set up, assuming no padding, how many blocks will AES encrypt in order to transmit a line of 32 keystrokes?When Zigbee provides privacy and message integrity, which fields of data are encrypted? Which fields of this data have been verified? Either before or after the message is encoded, the integrity code is created.