1. Does sodium (Na) attract or release electrons? How many electrons are involved in the transfer? 2. Does chlorine (Cl) attract or release electrons? How many electrons are involved in the transfer? 3. What do you think would happen if a sodium atom and a chlorine atom bumped into each other?
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
1. Does sodium (Na) attract or release electrons?
How many electrons are involved in the transfer?
2. Does chlorine (Cl) attract or release electrons?
How many electrons are involved in the transfer?
3. What do you think would happen if a sodium atom and a chlorine atom bumped into each other?
For instance, if you consider the different molecules of gas that exist separately as the air you breathe
4. Welders use helium (He) and argon (Ar) gases to blow over the metal during the welding process. Why would they want to use these gases?
5. If 10 atoms of magnesium (Mg) and 10 atoms of chlorine (Cl) could bump into each other, could they combine to form a substance? ______________How many molecules would be made? ________________________Would there be any atoms left over? __________________________Which ones? ______________How many? ________________________
6. My friend, the inventor, says that she has just made a translucent, light-weight metal by combining aluminum with helium and silicon. She wants me to invest $10,000 in the process and promises that we will be millionaires in only six months. What do you think I should do? Why?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. What is the electrical charge of an electron? ____________________________________
2. What would be the charge of a fluorine atom (F) that gained an election? _____________
3. What would be the charge of a sodium (Na) atom that lost an electron? ______________
4. Refer to your Abbreviated Table of Elements and determine how the following atoms would form ions. Check Lose or Gain and put + or - in the ion charge column.ElementLose ElectronsGain ElectronsIon Electrical ChargeClBeAlMgH
Elements ReactingType of BondNa and ClH and OH and ClC and H
1. Whenever chemists observed atoms reacting with each other, they noticed that the sum of their group numbers usually equaled eight, or multiples of 8 (16, 24, 32, 40, etc.). This is called The Rule of Eight. How does this Rule of Eight work in understanding chemical formulas?
2. Chemical formulas are written to show how many atoms of each element are bonded together to make a molecule of a substance. For example, C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for one molecule of sugar.
3. Look at water: H20. By looking at this formula, you know that it takes _____ hydrogen atom(s) to bond with _______ oxygen atom(s).
4. Now, add the group numbers. Hydrogen has a group # of 1A. Oxygen has a group number of 6A. Two hydrogens (1 + 1) and one oxygen (6) equals a total of 8. The Rule of Eight!5. Try another simple one, table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl). The formula tells you that it takes ______ sodium atom(s) to bond to ______ chlorine atom(s). Add the group numbers: The group # for sodium is 1A and the group # of chlorine is 7A. 1 + 7 = 8. The Rule of Eightagain!
6. Try this one on your own. Go back to the sugar molecule: C6H12O66 atoms of carbon (group # _____ ) 6 x ______= _______12 atoms of hydrogen (group # ______ ) 12 x ______= _______6 atoms of oxygen (group # _____ ) 6 x.______= _______Total = _______Fill this in: Is the total of __________ a multiple of 8? ___________ If so -The Rule of Eight again!
1. Determine the sum of the group numbers for the atoms in each of the molecules below and see if your answer still agrees with the Rule of Eight.MoleculeSum of Group #'sRule of 8?NH3 (ammonia)CaCl2 (calcium chloride)Al2O3 (aluminum oxide)
2. Use the Rule of Eight to write a chemical formula by determining how many atoms of one element would be necessary to combine with how many atoms of another element to form a particular molecule. (Fill in the subscript for each product.) You should be able to do any molecule I give to you in the future.1 Mg + ______Cl MgCl___ (magnesium chloride)2 H + 1 S + ____ O H2SO___ (sulfuric acid)1 C + ___ H CH ___ (methane)2 H + ___ O + 1 C H2CO___ (carbonic acid)In Conclusion, chemists explain this Rule of Eight phenomenon by saying that all atoms (except for the inert gases) have incomplete outer electron shells. When atoms react with each other, each atom ends up with a complete outer shell of 8 electrons. They call this principle, The Rule of Eight or The Octet Rule.The Rule of Eight does not explain all reactions of atoms. Some atoms are stable with other arrangements of electrons. For instance, if you consider the different molecules of gas that exist separately as the air you breathe: H2, 02, or N2, do their sum of group numbers equal 8? __________ What is going on? . There is much more to this idea, but we will have to leave that to your farther explorations into chemistry.
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