1. How well the engineering managment problem addressed in the paper defined? 2. What was the source of data that the autohor used to investigate the problem? 3. Were the data analysed in a logical and scientifically sound manner? Contingency theory argues that there is no universal set of strategies applicable to all businesses (Ginsberg & Venkatraman, 1985; Lawrence & Lorsch, 1967). Indeed, this theory considers organization as an open system which 7internal and external environment play important role in its strategies (Hoffer, 1975; Schoonhoven, 1981). Traditional contingency research frameworks concentrate on the effect of internal and external environment factors (contingency variables) on the association between independent and dependent variables (Sousa & Voss, 2008). This effect is operationalized as the effect of interaction between contingency and independent variables on dependent variables. A positive interaction effect implies the positive role of the contingency variable while a negative interaction implies the negative role of it in the independent-dependent variables association. In this study, we considered PDMP, PDTP (internal environment) and TU (external environment) as contingency variables in the relationship between CP and NPD performance. The following subsections describe theoretical background and develop hypotheses about these variables. According to the Resource-Based View (RBV) of firms, critical resources owned by firms determine competitive excellence and superior performance. RBV indicates that “Valuable, Rare, Inimitable and Non-substitutable (VRIN) " resources of firms enable them to overcome competitors (Barney, 1991). The resources that firms allocate to their NPD process could be considered as critical resources that contribute to product development proficiency (Xiao & Zhang, 2021). This proficiency implies the knowledge, skill, and efficacy of firms in executing activities of the NPD process (Li & Huang, 2012). Proficiency in executing all stages of the NPD process (i.e., developing and screening ideas, analyzing business and market opportunities, technical developing, testing and commercializing of products) plays an important role in the NPD process (Klein Schmidt & Cooper, 1991). In the literature, there are two common approaches to investigating the role of PDP in the NPD process. In the first approach, researchers have considered PDP as a single construct reflecting proficiency in the all stages of the NPD process (Hong, Song, & Yoo, 2013; M.S, Anand, & Paul, 2021; Sandvik, Arnett, & Sandvik, 2011). In the second approach, researchers have viewed product development proficiency as comprising marketing proficiency and technical proficiency (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2011; Li &. PDMP implies proficiency in performing market-related activities of the NPD process (such as evaluation of customers and competitors, specifying characteristics and trends of the market (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2010)). This proficiency of the firm originates from resources allocated to marketing stages of NPD. We argue that PDMP strengthens the positive effect of CP on NPD performance. PDMP empowers the customer's voice in the NPD process (Xiao & Zhang, 2021). High PDMP enables firms to create various communication channels with customers. When a customer participates in the NPD process, these channels facilitate information sharing between the customer and the firm and improves NPD performance. In addition, a firm with a high level of PDMP will be able to easily understand the needs and preferences of customers. When a customer participates in the NPD process, this ability reduces the lack of mutual understanding about a new product between customer and firm and results in NPD performance improvement. Therefor Therefore, H2. PDMP positively moderates the effect of CP on NPD performance. PDTP refers to proficiency in execution of technical-related activities of the NPD process (such as carrying out technical and manufacturing assessments, testing of products (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2010)). Resources allocated to the technical stages of NPD determine the PDTP of a firm. We theorize that PDTP positively moderates the positive effect of CP on NPD performance.
1. How well the engineering managment problem addressed in the paper defined?
2. What was the source of data that the autohor used to investigate the problem?
3. Were the data analysed in a logical and scientifically sound manner?
Contingency theory argues that there is no universal set of strategies applicable to all businesses (Ginsberg & Venkatraman, 1985; Lawrence & Lorsch, 1967). Indeed, this theory considers organization as an open system which 7internal and external environment play important role in its strategies (Hoffer, 1975; Schoonhoven, 1981). Traditional contingency research frameworks concentrate on the effect of internal and external environment factors (contingency variables) on the association between independent and dependent variables (Sousa & Voss, 2008). This effect is operationalized as the effect of interaction between contingency and independent variables on dependent variables. A positive interaction effect implies the positive role of the contingency variable while a negative interaction implies the negative role of it in the independent-dependent variables association. In this study, we considered PDMP, PDTP (internal environment) and TU (external environment) as contingency variables in the relationship between CP and NPD performance. The following subsections describe theoretical background and develop hypotheses about these variables.
According to the Resource-Based View (RBV) of firms, critical resources owned by firms determine competitive excellence and superior performance. RBV indicates that “Valuable, Rare, Inimitable and Non-substitutable (VRIN) " resources of firms enable them to overcome competitors (Barney, 1991). The resources that firms allocate to their NPD process could be considered as critical resources that contribute to product development proficiency (Xiao & Zhang, 2021). This proficiency implies the knowledge, skill, and efficacy of firms in executing activities of the NPD process (Li & Huang, 2012). Proficiency in executing all stages of the NPD process (i.e., developing and screening ideas, analyzing business and market opportunities, technical developing, testing and commercializing of products) plays an important role in the NPD process (Klein Schmidt & Cooper, 1991). In the literature, there are two common approaches to investigating the role of PDP in the NPD process. In the first approach, researchers have considered PDP as a single construct reflecting proficiency in the all stages of the NPD process (Hong, Song, & Yoo, 2013; M.S, Anand, & Paul, 2021; Sandvik, Arnett, & Sandvik, 2011). In the second approach, researchers have viewed product development proficiency as comprising marketing proficiency and technical proficiency (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2011; Li &.
PDMP implies proficiency in performing market-related activities of the NPD process (such as evaluation of customers and competitors, specifying characteristics and trends of the market (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2010)). This proficiency of the firm originates from resources allocated to marketing stages of NPD. We argue that PDMP strengthens the positive effect of CP on NPD performance. PDMP empowers the customer's voice in the NPD process (Xiao & Zhang, 2021). High PDMP enables firms to create various communication channels with customers. When a customer participates in the NPD process, these channels facilitate information sharing between the customer and the firm and improves NPD performance. In addition, a firm with a high level of PDMP will be able to easily understand the needs and preferences of customers. When a customer participates in the NPD process, this ability reduces the lack of mutual understanding about a new product between customer and firm and results in NPD performance improvement. Therefor
Therefore, H2. PDMP positively moderates the effect of CP on NPD performance.
PDTP refers to proficiency in execution of technical-related activities of the NPD process (such as carrying out technical and manufacturing assessments, testing of products (K. B. Lee & Wong, 2010)). Resources allocated to the technical stages of NPD determine the PDTP of a firm. We theorize that PDTP positively moderates the positive effect of CP on NPD performance.
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