1. observed deaths (∑ Obs)=……………? 2. expected deaths = population rates ⅹ person-years: a) expected deaths 1950∼1954? b) expected deaths 1955∼1959? c) expected deaths 1960∼1964? 3. expected deaths (∑ Exp)=……………?
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Continuous Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are of two types, which are continuous probability distributions and discrete probability distributions. A continuous probability distribution contains an infinite number of values. For example, if time is infinite: you could count from 0 to a trillion seconds, billion seconds, so on indefinitely. A discrete probability distribution consists of only a countable set of possible values.
Normal Distribution
Suppose we had to design a bathroom weighing scale, how would we decide what should be the range of the weighing machine? Would we take the highest recorded human weight in history and use that as the upper limit for our weighing scale? This may not be a great idea as the sensitivity of the scale would get reduced if the range is too large. At the same time, if we keep the upper limit too low, it may not be usable for a large percentage of the population!
Use information that given as table:
Calculation:
1. observed deaths (∑ Obs)=……………?
2. expected deaths = population rates ⅹ person-years:
a) expected deaths 1950∼1954?
b) expected deaths 1955∼1959?
c) expected deaths 1960∼1964?
3. expected deaths (∑ Exp)=……………?
4. SMR ?
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Population Genetics In the study of population genetics, an important measure of inbreeding is the proportion of homozygous genotypesthat is, instances in which the two alleles carried at a particular site on an individuals chromosomes are both the same. For population in which blood-related individual mate, them is a higher than expected frequency of homozygous individuals. Examples of such populations include endangered or rare species, selectively bred breeds, and isolated populations. in general. the frequency of homozygous children from mating of blood-related parents is greater than that for children from unrelated parents Measured over a large number of generations, the proportion of heterozygous genotypesthat is, nonhomozygous genotypeschanges by a constant factor 1 from generation to generation. The factor 1 is a number between 0 and 1. If 1=0.75, for example then the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 25 in each generation In this case, after 10 generations, the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 94.37, since 0.7510=0.0563, or 5.63. In other words, 94.37 of the population is homozygous. For specific types of matings, the proportion of heterozygous genotypes can be related to that of previous generations and is found from an equation. For mating between siblings 1 can be determined as the largest value of for which 2=12+14. This equation comes from carefully accounting for the genotypes for the present generation the 2 term in terms of those previous two generations represented by for the parents generation and by the constant term of the grandparents generation. a Find both solutions to the quadratic equation above and identify which is 1 use a horizontal span of 1 to 1 in this exercise and the following exercise. b After 5 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous? c After 20 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous?Otitis media is a disease that occurs frequently in the firstfew years of life and is one of the most common reasonsfor physician visits after the routine checkup. A study wasconducted to assess the frequency of otitis media in thegeneral population in the first year of life. Table 4.15 givesthe number of infants of 2500 infants who were first seen atbirth who remained disease-free by the end of the ith monthof life, i = 0, 1, . . . , 12. (Assume no infants have been lostto follow-up.) Disease-free infants ati the end of month i0 25001 24252 23753 23004 21805 20006 18757 17008 15009 130010 125011 122512 1200 Suppose an “otitis-prone family” is defined asone in which at least three siblings of five develop otitis media in the first 6 months of life. What proportionof five-sibling families is otitis prone if we assume thedisease occurs independently for different siblings in afamily?Cardiovascular DiseaseSuppose the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) was 5 per 1000 among 45-to 54-year-old men in 2000. To look at changes in incidence over time, 5000 men in this age group were followed for 1 year starting in 2010. Fifteen new cases of MI were found. Suppose that 25% of patients with MI in 2000 died within 24 hours. This proportion is called the 24-hour case-fatality rate. 7.14 Of the 15 new MI cases in the preceding study, 5 died within 24 hours. Test whether the 24-hour casefatality rate changed from 2000 to 2010. 7.15 Suppose we eventually plan to accumulate 50 MI cases during the period 2010–2015. Assume that the 24-hour case-fatality rate is truly 20% during this period. How much power would such a study have in distinguishing between case-fatality rates in 2000 and 2010–2015 if a two-sided test with significance level .05 is planned? 7.16 How large a sample is needed in Problem 7.15 to achieve 90% power?
- 10) Integrated circuits consist of electric channels that are etched onto silicon wafers. A certain proportion of circuits are defective because of "undercutting", which occurs when too much material is etched away so that the channels, which consist of the unetched portions of the wafers, are too narrow. A redesigned process, involving lower pressure in the etching chamber, is being investigated. The goal is to reduce the rate of undercutting to less than 5%. Out of the first 1000 circuits manufactured by the new process, only 32 show evidence of undercutting. If someone asks you the question "Can you conclude that the goal has been met?", what is the p-value that you'll report? Round the answer to four decimal places.Cardiovascular DiseaseSuppose the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI)was 5 per 1000 among 45- to 54-year-old men in 2000.To look at changes in incidence over time, 5000 men in thisage group were followed for 1 year starting in 2010. Fifteennew cases of MI were found.Suppose that 25% of patients with MI in 2000 died within24 hours. This proportion is called the 24-hour case-fatalityrate.7.14 Of the 15 new MI cases in the preceding study,5 died within 24 hours. Test whether the 24-hour casefatality rate changed from 2000 to 2010.Cardiovascular DiseaseSuppose the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI)was 5 per 1000 among 45- to 54-year-old men in 2000.To look at changes in incidence over time, 5000 men in thisage group were followed for 1 year starting in 2010. Fifteennew cases of MI were found. Suppose that 25% of patients with MI in 2000 died within24 hours. This proportion is called the 24-hour case-fatalityrate.7.14 Of the 15 new MI cases in the preceding study,5 died within 24 hours. Test whether the 24-hour casefatality rate changed from 2000 to 2010.
- Cardiovascular Disease Suppose the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) was 5 per 1000 among 45- to 54-year-old men in 2000. To look at changes in incidence over time, 5000 men in this age group were followed for 1 year starting in 2010. Fifteen new cases of MI were found. Suppose that 25% of patients with Mi in 2000 died within 24 hours. This propartion is called the 24-hour case-fatality rate. Of the 15 new MI cases in the preceding study. 5 died within 24 hours. Test whether the 24-hour case- fatality rate changed from 2000 to 2010.Age Male Female 20-34 11.00% 9.00% 35-44 24.00% 19.00% 45-54 39.00% 37.00% 55-64 57.00% 56.00% 65-74 62.00% 64.00% 75+ 73.30% 79.00% People often wait until middle age to worry about having a healthy heart. However, recent studies have shown that earlier monitory of risk factors such as blood pressure can be very beneficial (The Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2012). Having higher than normal blood pressure, a condition known as hypertension, is a major risk factor for heart disease. Suppose a large sample of male and female individuals of various ages was selected and that each individual's blood pressure was measured to determine if they have hypertension. For the sample data, the following talbe (see to the left) shows the percentage of individuals with hypertension. a. Develop a side-by-side bar chart with the age on he horizontal axis, the percentage of individuals with hypertension on the vetcal axis, and side-by-side barse based on the…True or false: a) When a process is in a state of statistical control, then most of the output will meet specifications. b) When a process is out of control, an unacceptably large proportion of the output will not meet specifications. c) When a process is in a state of statistical control, all the variation in the process is due to causes that are inherent in the process itself. d) When a process is out of control, some of the variation in the process is due to causes that are outside of the process.
- The article “The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence” (S. Duailibi, W. Ponicki, et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2007:2276–2280) presented homicide rates for the years 1995–2005 for the town of Diadema, Brazil. In 2002, a law was passed requiring bars to close at 11 pm each night. After the law's passage, the homicide rate dropped by an average of 9 homicides per month, a statistically significant decrease. Which of the following is the best conclusion? a) It is reasonable to conclude that the law is responsible for a reduction of 9 homicides per month. b) It is reasonable to conclude that the law is responsible for a reduction in homicides, but the actual amount might be somewhat more or less than 9 per month. c) It is reasonable to conclude that the homicide rate decreased, but the law may not have anything to do with the decrease. d) It is plausible that the homicide rate may not have decreased at all after the passage of the law.5. A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration of C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants a margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.0 mg/d and if the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among arthritis patients was previously documented at 7 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group?A) n for the treatment group = 95 and n for the control group = 95B) n for the treatment group = 48 and n for the control group = 48C) n for the…Determine if one-tailed test or two-tailed test fits the given alternative hypothesis. 1. Rexidol and Alaxan FR have the same rate of time of reducing the body pain of patients. Answer: 2. The mean weight of Grade 11 students is less than 55 kilograms. Answer: 3. The enrolment rate of the Elementary school department and secondary school department of ingenium school marikina is not the same. Answer: 4. Male students of an Institution have a higher quotient level of intelligence compare to Female students of the same Institution. Answer: 5. The mean of internet users this year is significantly higher as compared to last year. Answer: (Just put short explanation)