1. Show that an integer n is divisible by 2 if and only if its last digit is even. (Hint: For each i >1 in Eq. (1), 10' = 0 (mod 2). When ao is even, what is it congruent to modulo 2?)

Q: 2p a) n! = 2 (mod p), where for 0 <k < n. %3D k!(n - k)!

A: To prove the given part (a) 2pp≡2mod p where nk=n!k!n-k! for 0≤k≤n

Q: Let n = pq, where p and q are distinct primes such that p = q = 3 (mod 4). Suppose a E Z+ with a <…

A: We use the properties and definitions of Jacobi symbols to solve this problem. The detailed solution…

Q: Let a, b be integers. What does it mean for a = b (mod 17)? Describe the elements of Z17. Compute…

A: a ≡ b (mod 17) means that a − b = 17k for some k ∈ ℤ. ∴  b − a = −17k = 17(−k); henceb ≡ a (mod…

Q: 2n-1 b) Prove that if , r #1 (mod 2"), then n is even.

A: Given that x2n-1≢1mod2n . The objective is to show that n is even. The x2n-1≢1mod2n can be written…

Q: For congruences of primes p = 1 (mod 4), a. If a is a quadratic residue modulo p, and p = 1 (mod 4),…

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Q: Use induction to prove that for every n E N, we have 5" = 1+ 4n (mod 8)

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Q: For each of the following primes, find the smallest positive integer k such that k is a prim root…

A: A primitive root of a prime p is an integer g such that g(modp) has multiplicative order p-1.

Q: Determine the smallest integer k > 1 such that ak = 1 modulo 2465 for all in- tegers a which are…

A: A composite number m is called Carmichael number if for all integers b coprime with m, bm-1≡1modm…

Q: Suppose n E Z. Prove that if n is even, then n2 + 5n + 4 is even.

A: Note: We know that the square of an even number is always an even number, since  Let x is an even…

Q: a) Prove that 10" =+1 (mod 11) for any n EN. b) Suppose the integer r has digits rI-1I, I0. Prove…

A: Want to prove:(a) 10n≡±1 (mod 11) for any n∈N(b) If the integer x has digits xnxn-1.....x1x0 thenx≡0…

Q: Show that: Ifp is odd prime of the form 4k+1, then find a solution of x +1 0 mod p

A: We shall use Euler’s Criterion here. Euler’s criterion states as follows: “Let p be a prime. The…

Q: What is the smallest positive integer k such that xk = e for all x inU(7 . 17)? Generalize to U(pq)…

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Q: Hello, I need help for the problem in the picture. Thank you!

A: We are given that α ∈ Z is a primitive root modulo an odd prime p. So,    αϕ(p) ≡ 1 mod p =&gt; αp-1…

Q: Y OU (a) Find the least residue of 639 modulo 10. (b) Use Fermat's little theorem to find the least…

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Q: 1. Show that if m and n are odd integers, then m+n is an even intege

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Q: 5. Let p be an odd prime, and suppose that ged(a, p) = 1. Show that the congruence z = a (mod p*)…

A: p is an odd prime and gcd(a,p)=1We have to show the congruence x2=a mod pk has exactly 1+ap…

Q: Show that the last digit of the Fermat number Fn =2^(2^n)  is 7 for all integers n ≥ 2. [Hint: By…

A: We have to prove that the last digit of the Fermat number Fn=22n is 7 for all integers n≥2. For…

Q: |State whether the following statements are true or false. Show working. a. For each odd prime p, a…

A: We have to state whether the statements are true or false

Q: prove (1+ )" in <4 for all n21

A: In the given question we have to prove that  1+1nn&lt;4∀n≥1 . we can prove this by two methods one…

Q: 3. Use Wilson's Theorem to prove 6(k - 4)! = 1 (mod k:), if k is prime.

A: Wilson's Theorem: Let k be a prime number, then by Wilson's theorem, (k-1)!=-1(modk)

Q: Consider the pseudorandom number generator given in our lessons: with Uf +1 = (auf + b) mod m…

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Q: Suppose that p is a prime with p = 5 mod 8 . Show that the congruence px2 + 6y = 1 mod 3p has no…

A: Consider the given information.

Q: Let n ∈ Z. Prove that if n^2 + 2n −4 doesnt equal 1 (mod 5), then 5 doesnt divide n.

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Q: 11- P, X Pz X P, ... X Pn, where M= Pr. Pn are distind primes Prove by inducton, For all Ppositive…

A: Fermat's little theorem is one of the most important and significant methods in number theory.…

Q: Use the identity 1/(k(k + 1)) = 1/k – 1/(k + 1) and Ex- ercise 35 to compute E- 1/(k(k + 1)).

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Q: a) Show that 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 11) by Fermat’s little theorem and noting that 2340 = (210)34.b) Showthat…

A: According to the given information, Fermat’s little theorem says that:

Q: 7. Find a number t such that In(4t +3) = 5 (Give EXACT value)

A: Given that ln(4t+3)=5 we need to find "t"

Q: (a) Suppose that rị and r2 are quadratic non-residues modulo an odd prime p. Does x = r¡r2 (mod p)…

A: Quadratic Residues: Let m,p=1. m is said to be the quadratic residue mod p if the following equation…

Q: Let n E Z', where n > I. Show that if n is a product of distinct Mersenne primes, then o(n) = 2k for…

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Q: 3.1.12 Suppose that 7x = 28 (mod 42). By Theorem 3.9, it follows that x = 4 (mod 6). (a) Check this…

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Q: п 6. Prove that E(8i – 5) = 4n² -n for every positive integer n. п i=1

A: # Given: sum(8i-5) =4n^2-n  i=1,2,3,.....n  We have to prove the above equation??

Q: Prove that for any prime, p = 1 (mod 4) there are exactly (p-1)/4 incongruent values of a 0 (mod p)…

A: By theorem (a,p)=1 then xn≡a modp has g.c.d(n,p-1) solution or no solution according as…

Q: 6. Let Fn 22" + 1, n > 1, be a prime Fermat number. Show that 3 is a primitive root modulo Fn.

A: Given: Fn=22n+1,n&gt;1

Q: Recall the Fibonacci numbers Fn are defined by Fo = 0 , F1 = 1 and Fn Fn-1 + Fn-2 for all n > 2 .…

A: Consider the provided question, Fibonacci numbers Fn are defined by F0=0, F1=1 and Fn= Fn-1+Fn-2 for…

Q: True or False For arbitrary integers a and b, a ≡ b(mod n) if and only if a and b do not have the…

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Q: I know that using a corollary that the congruence x2 ≡ 0 (mod p) that the only solutions are + and -…

A: As per the question we have the following congruence relation : n ≡ 2(mod 4) And we have to prove…

Q: Let a be an integer and let n e N. (a) Prove that if a = 0 (mod n), then n | a.

A: By the definition if congruence let a, b and n are integer, with n &gt;0, then a is congruent to b…

Q: Find an integer x satisfying the two congruences: x = 1(mod 3) 2x = 0(mod 6), or show that no such…

A: The given congruences are                                 x≡1 (mod 3)2x≡0 (mod 6)

Q: Consider numbers of the form 9" mod 13, where n E Z+. We claim that all of these numbers will only…

A: First principle of mathematical induction : Suppose Pn is a statement where n∈ℤ+ . The statement is…

Q: (c) Find all integers of order 6 mod 13 and all primitive roots mod 13. Show your working in both…

A: This is a question of Number Theory.

Q: show that If n is a positive integer and a is any integer prime to n, then a ln) = 1(mod n), where…

A: It's called Euler's generalization to Fermats theorem. I have used integer m instead of n.

Q: If n 2 1, then the Fermat number Fn 22" +1 is prime if and only if %3D 3(F.-1)/2 = -1 mod (Fn).

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Q: Show that 6n – 1 and 12n+1 are relatively prime for any n e Z.

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Q: 4) The least positive integer residue of 21000000 mod 17 is a) - 1 b) 1 c) 2 d) a

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Q: QUESTION 3 Prove that 2n > n2 if n is an integer greater than 4. For the toolhar press AIT. E10 /RCL

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Q: . Let b, k and m be positive integers that satisfy gcd(b, m) = 1 and gcd(k, ø(m)) = 1, %3D where…

A: Here GCD(b,m)=1 means they are coprime.

Q: For n=195, by Fermat's theorem d-2 a) a (modn) b) 1(modn) c) 0(mod n) d) a(mod n)

A: Given:                 n=195 To find:                an-2=? by using Fermat's theorem Fermat's…

Q: In parts (a)- (e), involve the theorems of Fermat, Euler, Wilson, and the Euler Phi-function. (a)…

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Q: Let n > 2 be a positive integer and r a primitive root of n. Suppose that a E Z is such that ar? 1…

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