1. The Stokes-Oseen formula for drag force Fon a sphere of diameter D in a fluid stream of low velocity V, density p, and viscosity u is: F = 3TuDV + 16PVD Is this formula dimensionally homogenous?
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- Some engineers want a good estimate of drag and boundary-layerthickness at the trailing edge of a miniature wing. The chord and span ofthe wing are 6 mm and 30 mm, respectively and a typical flight speed is5 m/s in air (kinematic viscosity = 15 × 10−6 m2/s; density = 1.2kg/m3). An engineer may decide to make a superseding model withchord and span of 150 mm and 750 mm, respectively. Measurements onthe model in a water channel flowing at 0.5 m/s (kinematic viscosity = 1× 10−6 m2/s, density = 1000 kg/m3) give a drag of 0.19 N and aboundary-layer thickness of 3 mm. Estimate the corresponding values forthe prototypeA smooth wooden sphere (SG = 0.65) is connected by athin rigid rod to a hinge in a wind tunnel, as in Fig. Air at 20°C and 1 atm flows and levitates the sphere.(a) Plot the angle θ versus sphere diameter d in the range1 cm≤ d≤15 cm. (b) Comment on the feasibility of thisconfiguration. Neglect rod drag.The Russian Typhoon-class submarine is 170 m long, witha maximum diameter of 23 m. Its propulsor can deliverup to 80,000 hp to the seawater. Model the submarine asan 8:1 ellipsoid and estimate the maximum speed, in knots,of this ship.
- Baseball drag data from the University of Texas are shownin Fig. A baseball weighs approximately 5.12ounces and has a diameter of 2.91 in. Hall-of-Famer NolanRyan, in a 1974 game, threw the fastest pitch ever recorded:108.1 mi/h. If it is 60 ft from Nolan’s hand to the catcher’smitt, estimate the sea-level ball velocity which the catcherexperiences for (a) a normal baseball, and (b) a perfectlysmooth baseball.If a missile takes off vertically from sea level and leavesthe atmosphere, it has zero drag when it starts and zerodrag when it finishes. It follows that the drag must be amaximum somewhere in between. To simplify the analysis,assume a constant drag coefficient, CD, and constant verticalacceleration, a. Let the density variation be modeled by thetroposphere relation. Find an expression for thealtitude z* where the drag is a maximum. Comment onyour result.A solid cone of angle 2Ɵ, base r 0 , and density ρ c is rotating with initialangular velocity ω 0 inside a conical seat,as shown below. The clearance h is filled with oilof viscosity μ. Neglecting air drag, derive an analytical expression for thecone’s angular velocity ω(t) if there is noapplied torque.
- The cart in Fig. moves at constant velocity V 0 =12 m/s and takes on water with a scoop 80 cm wide that dipsh = 2.5 cm into a pond. Neglect air drag and wheel friction.Estimate the force required to keep the cart moving.A sample of powdered zinc oxide, density 5.60g/cm 3 , is allowed to settle under the accelerationof gravity, 981 cm/sec 2 , at 25 25°C. The rate ofsettling, v, is 7.30 ×10 3 cm/sec; the density ofthe medium is 1.01 g/cm 3 , and its viscosity is 1centipoise = 0.01 poise or 0.01 g/cm sec.Calculate the Stokes diameter of the zinc oxidepowder.Problem:flat plate 30 cm by 50 cm slides on oil (μ = 0.8 N⋅s/m2) over a large plane surface. What force is required to drag the plate at 2 m/s, if the separating oil film is 0.5 mm thick?
- A buoyant ball of specific gravity SG < 1 dropped intowater at inlet velocity V0 will penetrate a distance h andthen pop out again, as in Fig. Make a dynamicanalysis of this problem, assuming a constant drag coefficient,and derive an expression for h as a function ofthe system properties. How far will a 5-cm-diameterball with SG = 0.5 and CD ≈ 0.47 penetrate if it entersat 10 m/s?Assume an inviscid, incompressible flow. Also, standard sea level density and pressure are 1.23 kg/m3 (0.002377 slug/ft3) and 1.01 × 105 N/m2 (2116 lb/ft2), respectively. Consider the nonlifting flow over a circular cylinder of a given radius,where V∞ = 20 ft/s. If V∞ is doubled, that is, V∞ = 40 ft/s, does theshape of the streamlines change? Explain.In studying sand transport by ocean waves, A. Shields in1936 postulated that the threshold wave-induced bottomshear stress τ required to move particles depends on gravityg , particle size d and density ρ p , and water density ρ andviscosity μ . Find suitable dimensionless groups of thisthe problem, which resulted in 1936 in the celebrated Shieldssand transport diagram.