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- 1. The fact that the immune system has such great flexibility that it is able to produce such a large pool of antibody proteins in which at lease on in that pool would be able to recognize any unique antigen to which you might be exposed is because Select one: a. the light and heavy chain amino acid sequences vary widely within an antibody class b. antibody proteins contain multiple antigen binding sites c. the hyper-variable heavy chain sequence leads to wide antigen recognition d. the amino acid sequences of the antigen binding site varies tremendously between different antibody molecules e. an antibody protein can bind many different types of antigens Clear my choice 2. Activation of any of the Complement Cascades in response to a bacterial infection occurs rapidly because Select one: A. activation of all the pathways leads to a fast response B. bacteria are easily and quickly recognized by the initiating Complement pathway enzymes. C. the first protein in the system (Cl) is the…2) Now you would like to raise antibodies to this protein of YFG. How could you use the pure protein to generate/identify….. a) a polyclonal antibody? b) a monoclonal antibody?1. Antigens are made up of specific sequences of amino acids called ----- that determine their structure. A. epitopes B. multivalent sites C. paratropes D. constant regions 2. Which scenario best describes antibody cross-reactivity? A. A single pathogen with multiple epitopes is recognized by a multivalent antibody. B. Multipleepitopes are recognized by multiple antibodies C. A single epitope is recognized by multiple antibodies D. Two distinct, but structurally similar epitopes are recognized by the same antibody 3. What is the major benefit of cross-reactivity? A. Cross-reactivity permits the allergic response. B. Cross-reactivity promotes a faster immune response against unrelated pathogens. C. Cross-reactivity enhances immunity by providing protection against related pathogens. D. Cross-reactivity allows the immune system to respond to pathogens in various locations within the host (i.e., skin, mucosal tissues, extracellular fluids, etc.)
- 1.How did the explanation of Virchow and Remak for the origin of cells differ from that of Schleiden and Schwann? Explain the mechanism as to how the following can be used to visualize cells in antibodies and fluorescent dyes. 3. Aside from hematoxylin, what dyes are commonly used in preparing histological slides? List and indicate when the dyes can be used, or on what samples can the dyes be used on. Please answer all questionsTuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call “X”. A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person’s blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is “positive.” Why would X antibodies be present in someone’s blood? What specific kind of cells would produce them?When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…
- Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium, transmitted by tick bites, that causes an illness characterized by a relapsing fever. The bacteria enter the host bloodstream and replicate there. Studies in mice show that episodes of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) are efficiently controlled by anti-bacterial antibodies, but interestingly, follicular B cells are not required for this response, nor is the response impaired by splenectomizing the mice (i.e., removing the spleen). Which B cells are most likely responsible for this antibody response?1. Transgenic mice are generated that are capable of expressing the poly-immunoglobulin receptor. Secretion of whic of the following antibody isotypes will be altered in these mice (a) IgA (b) IgD (c) IgE (d) IgGWe now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These vaccines cause cells in the body to make the spike protein that is on the surface of the virus, and subsequently, stimulate an antibody response to this antigen. A. What do these antibodies do to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2? How do they interact with the virus particles? B. Which kind of cells in the immune system are responsible for synthesizing these antibodies?
- During site-specific recombination that occurs in an antibodygene, the protein(s) that catalyze(s) the joining of V and J domainsto each other is/area. RAG1 and RAG2.b. nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) proteins.c. RecA.d. RecBCD.True or false 1. Heterogenous antibodies used for structural studies can be obtained by monoclonal hybridoma technique. 2. PrP(Sc) is largely alpha-helical structure.1. Which of the following white blood cells would you expect to find in high numbers during a helminth infection but not during a bacterial infection? Hint: don't forget that helminths are eukaryotes.... a) Macrophages b) Mast Cells c) Neutrophils d) Eosinophil 2.Which of the following properly describe Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)? a) Directed selection creates complexity and differences between cells in the same individual b) Inheritance makes it identical for all siblings that share the same parents c) Natural selection has made it identical for all members of the same species d)Random selection creates variety between individual humans. Give the answer of both question.