1.2 Suppose Alice, with a Web-based email account (such as Hotmail or Gmail), sends a message to Bob, who accesses his mail from his mail server using POP3. Discuss how the message gets from Alice's host to Bob's host. Be sure to list the series of application-layer protocols that are used to move the message between the two hosts.
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- Suppose Alice with a Web-based e-mail account (such as Gmail) sends it message to Bob, who accesses his mail from his mail server using POP3. Discuss how the message gets from Alice's host to Bob's host. Be sure to list the series of application -layer protocols that are used to movethe message between the two hosts.Consider the following page address stream: 2 1 4 3 5 3 2 4 5 2 1 2 4 3 1 Which of the following causes the most page faults to occur on a machine with 3 frames? Scheme that causes the most faults: a) First in First out b) LRU and FIFO are the same number of faults c) FIFO and Opitimal are the same number of faults d) All have the same number of faults e) Least Recently Used f) No faults occurs g) LRU and Optimal are the same number of faults h) Optimal NUMBER OF FAULTS CAUSED: a)In this programming assignment, you will implement a decentralized peer-to-peer network architec-ture (P2P), including the basic implementation of the BitTorrent protocol (BTP). General P2P architec-tures can be classified into centralized and decentralized, In P2P centralized architectures, new peers senda request to the Traker (normally done via HTTP) requesting a list containing all the IP addresses ofthe peers that are already connected to the P2P network sharing the same file. The tracker then, replieswith a response containing such list. In P2P decentralized architecture, each peer is also a Traker, and itcan share only limited resources because it only sees the partial network. On the other hand, P2P decen-tralized networks avoid single point of failure since they do not depend of centralized trackers. Examplesof P2P applications that are/were implementing centralizing architectures are Nasper, the Berkeley OpenNetwork Infrastructure (BOINC) and some versions of BitTorrent.…
- 4. [Socket] What is a socket? Suppose a process in Host C has a UDP socket with port number6789. Suppose both Host A and Host B send a UDP segment to Host C with destination portnumber 6789. Will both segments be directed to the same socket at Host C? If so, how will theprocess at Host C know that these two segments originated from two different hosts? 5. [Demultiplex] Define multiplexing and demultiplexing. Briefly explain how TCP demultiplexing isdifferent than UDP demultiplexing. 6. [rdt] Consider a reliable data transfer protocol that uses only negative acknowledgments.Suppose the sender sends data only infrequently. Would a NAK-only protocol be preferable to aprotocol that uses ACKs? Why? Now suppose the sender has a lot of data to send and the end-to-end connection experiences few losses. In this second case, would a NAK-only protocol bepreferable to a protocol that uses ACKs? Why?Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your localhost, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that n DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT1, . . ., RTTn. Further suppose that the Web page associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount of HTML text. Let RTT0 denote the RTT between the local host and the server containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the object? Justify your answer.The URL Connection class can be used to read and write data: Select one: a.To the specified resource referred by the HttpResponse and the URL b.To the specified resource referred by the URL c.To the specified resource referred by the HttpServer and the URL d.To the specified resource referred by the ServerSocket and the URL
- Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL isnot cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that n DNS servers arevisited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT1, . . ., RTTn.Further suppose that the Web page associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount ofHTML text. Let RTT0 denote the RTT between the local host and the server containing the object. Assuming zerotransmission time of the object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receivesthe object?173. A protocol is a set of rules governing a time sequence of events that must take place a. between peers b. between an interface c. between modems d. across an interfaceConsider a web page whose base file is of size S1 = 10 KB. Assume that the web page consists of N = 20 inline objects each of size S2 = 100 KB. Assume that the round-trip time to the web server is T = 100 ms and the bottleneck capacity is C = 10 Mbps. Ignore any packetization delays and header overhead.a. Assuming non-persistent HTTP is used with a single TCP connection, how long does it take to download the web page?b. Assuming non-persistent HTTP is used with 4 parallel TCP connections, how long does it take to download the web page?c. Assuming pipelined, persistent HTTP is used, how long does it take to download the web page? ”Pipelined” means requests for multiple objects can be sent back-to-back on the same connection.d. Assuming non-pipelined, persistent HTTP with 2 parallel TCP connections is used, how long does it take to download the web page? Assume that the 2 parallel connections equally share the total available bandwidth C.
- HTTP 1.1 GET with an embedded object. Suppose an HTTP client makes a request to the gaia.cs.umass.edu web server. The client has never before requested a given base object, nor has it communicated recently with the gaia.cs.umass.edu server. You can assume, however, that the client host knows the IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu. Suppose also that after downloading the base file, the browser encounters a jpeg object in the base html file that is stored on gaia.cs.umass.edu, and therefore makes another GET request to gaia.cs.umass.edu for that referenced jpeg object. How many round trip times (RTTs) are needed from when the client first makes the request to when the base page and the jpeg file are completely downloaded, assuming the time needed by the server to transmit the base file, or the jpeg file into the server's link is (each) equal to 1/2 RTT and that the time needed to transmit the HTTP GET into the client's link is zero? You should assume that persistent HTTP 1.1 is being used.…Modify the following code to use only ONE message queue for one server and multiple clients Computer ScienceHello, the code task below has to be written in python 3 and the HTTP must show the html file from the command line. Please help. Also below is the skeleton python below which needs to be in python 3 Currently, the web server handles only one HTTP request at a time. Implement a multithreaded server that is capable of serving multiple requests simultaneously. Using threading, first create a main thread in which your modified server listens for clients at a fixed port. When it receives a TCP connection request from a client, it will set up the TCP connection through another port and services the client request in a separate thread. There will be a separate TCP connection in a separate thread for each request/response pair. Skeleton Python Code for the Web Server #import socket modulefrom socket import *import sys # In order to terminate the programserverSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)#Prepare a sever socket#Fill in start#Fill in endwhile True: #Establish the…