the process of categorizing phylogenetic information into a retrieval system consisting of many hierarchical levels or ranks. 2Stanley Miller mixed hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water in a reaction chamber that recirculated themixture and bombarded it with a spark discharge. Within a week, amino acids and other small organiccompounds had been formed. (1)1.8ANSWER:Without an oxygen-free atmosphere, the organic compounds that started the story of life never wouldhave been formed on their own. Free oxygen would have attacked them. (1)ANSWER:1.9Much of the Earth's inner rocky material melted. (1)ANSWER:1.10Imagine an ancient sunlit estuary rich in clay deposits. Countless aggregations of organic molecules stickto the clay. (1)1.11ANSWER:In other experiments, fatty acids and glycerol combined to form long-tail lipids under conditions thatstimulated evaporating tidepools. The lipids self-assembled into small, water-filled sacs, which in manyinstances were like cell membranes. (1)1.12ANSWER:1.13We still don't know how DNA entered the picture. (1)ANSWER:1.14 Rocks collected from Mars, meteorites, and the moon contain chemical precursors that must have bpresent on the early Earth. (1)2ANSWER:This difference resulted in the formation of a crust of basalt, granite, and other types of low density rock,a rocky region of intermediate density (the mantle), and a high-density, partially molten core of nickeland iron. (1)1.15ANSWER:When the crust finally cooled, and solidified, water condensed into clouds and the rains began. Formillions of years, runoff from rains stripped mineral salts and other compounds from the Earth's parchedrocks. (1)1.16ANSWER:The close association of enzymes, ATP, and other molecules would have promoted chemical interactions.Sunlight energy alone could have driven the spontaneous formation of RNA molecules. (1)1.17ANSWER:Even if amino acids did form in the early seas, they wouldn't have lasted long. In water, the favoureddirection of most spontaneous reactions is toward hydrolysis, not condensation. (1)ANSWER:1.1831.19Between 4.6 and 4.5 billion years ago, the outer regions of the cloud cooled. (1)ANSWER:At first, it probably consisted of gaseous hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (monoxide (CO). (1)1.20ANSWER:B. CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE'S DIVERSITYQUESTION 2SYSTEMATICS 1A. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFEYou may only use your prescribed textbook (or any other biology textbook available from the library) and studyguide for this work. Do not down load information from internet. You may work as a group, but each studentmust submit his/her assignment. As always, representing someone else's work as your own constitutes cheaand will result in a zero.1References:Solomon, et al. Biology. 2011. 9th edition. Chapter 21 (page 446); Chapter 23 (page 481)Hickman, et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. 2008. 14th edition. Chapter 2 (page 21); Chapter 10 (page 199)QUESTION 1Answer questions 1-20 by choosing from the following probable stages of the physical and chemical evolutionof life. Write only the correct LETTER.CONDITIONS ON THE EARLY EARTHA. Formation of the EarthB. The early Earth and first atmosphereC. The synthesis of organic compoundsD. Origin of agents of metabolismE. Origin of self-replicating systemsF. Origin of the first plasma membranesMost likely, the proto-cells were little more than membrane sacs protecting information-storing templateand various metabolic agents from the environment. (1)ANSWER:1.1Simple systems (of this type) of RNA, enzymes, and coenzymes have been created in the laboratory. (1)ANSWER:1.21.3Four billion years ago, the Earth was a thin-crusted inferno. (1)ANSWER:Sunlight, lightning, or heat escaping from the Earth's crust could have supplied the energy to drive theircondensation into complex organic molecules. (1)ANSWER:1.41.5During the first 600 million years of Earth history, enzymes, ATP, and other molecules could haveassembled spontaneously at the same locations. (1)ANSWER:Were gaseous oxygen (O2) and water also present? Probably not. (1)ANSWER:1.6Sidney Fox heated amino acids under dry conditions to form protein chains, which he placed in hotwater. The cooled chains self-assembled into small, stable spheres. The spheres were selectivelypermeable. (1)1.7ANSWER:2Stanley Miller mixed hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water in a reaction chamber thatmixture and bombarded it with a spark discharge. Within a week, amino acids and otcompounds had been formed. (1)1.8ANSWER:Without an oxygen-free atmosphere, the organic compounds that started the story of life neve wouldhave been formed on their own. Free oxygen would have attacked them. (1)ANSWER:1.9...

Question

Accepted Answer

The earth our planet is some 4.5 billion years ago formed. Scientists believed that when the sun…