1.Match the following terms with their correct definitions: matter, atom, molecule, element, and compound. A) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of their specific type of matter: _______ B) A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance: _________ C) Anything that occupies space and takes up mass: _________ D) Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio: _________ E) Atoms that are bonded to one another covalently: _________ 2.Where can you find all of the elements listed by their atomic number? 3.List the elements make up the majority of a human body.
Chemistry of Life
The field in which the chemical properties, structure, location, and biological processes in the body are studied is the chemistry of life. The term chemistry of life incorporates chemistry in the life processes; the study of life processes comes under biology.
Covalent and Ionic Bonds
Atoms of different elements except noble gases do not have a complete octet, so they combine with other atoms to form a chemical bond. When two atoms of the same and different elements mutually share two electrons, one by one, to form a bond between them, the bond is called a covalent bond. On the other hand, an electrovalent or ionic bond is formed when a metal atom transfers one or more electrons to a non-metal atom.
Carbon Bonding
It is basically an association between two C that is formed by sharing a pair of electrons among them. Commonly, this is a single or sigma (σ) bond. Sometimes double or triple or pi (Π) bonds can also be formed. These are formed when orbitals of two C atoms get hybridized.
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols are hydroxyl (-OH) group or moiety containing organic aliphatic molecule. They are produced when a hydrogen atom of an aliphatic compound is substituted with hydroxyl moiety. The general expression of alcohol is R-OH, where the R is an aliphatic group. Their general formula is CnH2n+2O, where n = number of carbon atoms. If n = 1, then CH4O = CH3OH or methanol, n = 2, C2H6O = C2H5OH ethanol.
1.Match the following terms with their correct definitions: matter, atom, molecule, element, and compound.
A) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of their specific type of matter: _______
B) A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance: _________
C) Anything that occupies space and takes up mass: _________
D) Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio: _________
E) Atoms that are bonded to one another covalently: _________
2.Where can you find all of the elements listed by their atomic number?
3.List the elements make up the majority of a human body.
4.Is H2O an element? If not, explain your answer.
5.Neapolitan ice cream is vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry combined in a 1:1:1 ratio. Briefly explain how Neapolitan ice cream is a good analogy that helps students understand the relationship between compounds and elements.
6.An atom comprises what three subatomic particles?
A)
B)
C)
7.Match the following terms to the proper characteristic: nucleus, proton, electron, neutron, and subatomic particles. Some terms may be used more than once and some characteristics may use multiple terms.
A) Has almost no mass: _____________
B) Found in the nucleus: ____________
C) Center of an atom: ______________
D) In constant motion: ______________
E) Protons, electrons, and neutrons: ______________
8.Which of the following describes atoms of an element that vary in the number of neutrons?
A) Electrons
B) Isotopes
C) Atomic number
D) Protons
9.True or false: A radioactive isotope is unstable, which means it gives off energy and particles. If false, make it a correct statement
11.An attractive force that holds two atoms together is generically referred to as a(n)
A) Molecule
B) Chemical bond
C) Electron cloud
D) Compound
13._______________are transformations of matter that result in new substances being made by breaking existing
14.In the following chemical equation, identify the products and reactants and indicate whether or not the equation is balanced. If not, balance the chemical equation.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chapter Content: Water and Life
Complete the following questions as you read the second chapter content—Water and Life:
1.Which of the following is a unique property of water?
A) Cohesion
B) Ice floats
C) Temperature regulation
D) Water is a crucial solvent
E) All of the above are properties of water.
2.Oils are nonpolar substances (molecules formed by nonpolar covalent bonds) that do not interact with water. Propose an explanation for why oils are not attracted to water, whereas a substance like NaCl (table salt) is attracted to H2O. When answering this question, ask yourself the following: Is NaCl charged?
3.________________ is when a substance evaporates and the surface of the remaining liquid cools down.
4.Complete the following table regarding acids and bases.
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Acids |
Bases |
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Effect on H+ when dissolved in H2O |
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pH range |
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Example |
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5.As the pH increases the [H+] ____________, and as the pH decreases the [H+] ____________.
A) Decreases; increases
B) Increases; decreases
C) Increases; stays the same
D) Decreases; stays the same
6.The pH in your cells is decreasing. Cells have buffers to minimize changes in pH. Briefly explain what the buffer would do in this situation with respect to the H+ concentration in your cells.
8.How long does it take for approximately 75% of carbon-14 to decay into carbon-12 (in thousands of years)?
Major Theme Connection:
1.Using radioactive isotopes to determine the age of a fossil is known as radiometric dating. How might radiometric dating provide support for the theory of evolution by natural selection? Hint—Consider the age of fossils with respect to the overall fossil record (the entire collection of data regarding fossils and the age of Earth).
Common Thread Connection:
1.“Navy coffee” is where the coffee is brewed strong and a bit of salt is added. What is special about water that allows you to put sugar or salt in your coffee? To help answer this question, consider the opposite situation: Why do salt scrubs that you buy in a high-end spa consist of large salt crystals in oil?
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