(11) Consider a market with private marginal benefit (quantity demanded) given by PMB = 400 – 4Q, social marginal benefit given by SMB = 400 – 2Q and private marginal cost (quantity supplied) given by PMC = 40+4Q. Assume PMC = SMC. (a) Graph these PMB, SMB, and PMC curves. (b) What kind of externality is present? (c) Find the equilibrium price and quantity if producers only respond to private mar- ginal costs.

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Market Failure Analysis

To understand Market failure, we need to first understand welfare economics. An Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto stated that allocation of resources in an efficient manner such that an economic change, which harms no one and makes someone better off, indicates an increase in social welfare. It is also called Pareto Optimality, where resources cannot further be reallocated without harming one. This does not apply to those economic changes, which harm some and benefit others. social welfare increases if the utility of any of its members' increases and none decrease in the economy.