14.3. What is the header overhead in the IP protocol?
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14.3. What is the header overhead in the IP protocol?
14.5. Because of fragmentation, an IP datagram can arrive in several pieces, not necessarily in the correct order. The IP entity at the receiving end system must accumulate these fragments until the original datagram is reconstituted.
- Consider that the IP entity creates a buffer for assembling the data field in the original datagram. As assembly proceeds, the buffer will contain blocks of data and “holes” between the data blocks. Describe an
algorithm for reassembly based on this concept. - For the algorithm in part (a), it is necessary to keep track of the holes. Describe a simple
mechanism for doing this.
14.13. Provide the following parameter values for each of the network classes A, B, and C. Be sure to consider any special or reserved addresses in your calculations.
- Number of bits in network portion of address
- Number of bits in host portion of address
- Number of distinct networks allowed
- Number of distinct hosts per network allowed
- Integer range of first octet
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- (ESP) Consider that we protect a TCP SYN packet using the ESP in the transport mode. A TCP SYN packet just comprises a TCP header which is 20 bytes (i.e., without TCP option). The IP packet header is also 20 bytes long (i.e., without IP option). Moreover, the block size for encryption is 256 bits (e.g., using AES-256), and the hash output’s size for message authentication is 512 bits (e.g., using SHA-1). What is the minimum amount of padding required?b) Consider a scenario where fragmentation may take place in packet transfer. Discuss how such fragmentation may be reassembled at the destination. Now consider in such scenario, a datagram is fragmented into five fragments. The first four fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the four fragments in the receiver’s memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment arrives. What should be done with it?P14. Consider sending a 2400-byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of 700 bytes. Suppose the original datagram is stamped with the identification number 422. How many fragments are generated? What are the values in the various fields in the IP datagram(s) generated related to fragmentation?
- It is important to keep in mind that the reordering and reassembly of packets takes place during the transport step of the TCP/IP protocol suite. The Internet or the data layer are two examples of lower levels of abstraction that a firewall is able to function at. If a traffic stream is either out of order or has been deleted, a firewall that uses stateful inspection will be unable to determine anything about the stream's contents.Consider the following scenario in which host A is sending a file to host B over a TCP connection. Assuming that the sequence number of the first data byte sent by A is 0 and every segment always includes 1000 bytes of data, excluding the TCP header. At some point of time, bytes up to 6400 have been written into the sender’s buffer. Bytes up to 4999 have been sent out but the segment which contains bytes 2000~2999 has not arrived at host B yet. At the receiver’s side, all bytes up to 3999 have been received except for bytes 2000~2999. Bytes up to 499 have been read from the buffer by the application. Assume that the maximum size of the sender’s buffer is large enough. Consider the sliding window algorithm in TCP and answer the following questions. 1) What are the values for LastByteAcked, LastByteSent, and LastByteWritten? 2) What are the values for LastByteRead, NextByteExpected, and LastByteRcvd? 3) Assuming that the maximum size of the receiver’s buffer is 4000 byte, what would…Assume that a client can use UDP to obtain a file from a distant server at a known address. The client initiates the request for a file name, and the server responds with a sequence of data packets containing various file components. To ensure delivery reliability, the client and server use a stop-and-wait protocol. Is there anything else wrong with this protocol aside apparent performance issues? Consider the possibility of process failure.
- Consider the network scenario in the figure below. K sources are connected to the Internet via links of capacity RS, and within the network fairly share a common link of capacity R, to K destinations. Each destination is connected to the network by a link of capacity RD. You can assume that there are no other links or source-destination pairs in the network. Suppose that source Si has an infinitely large file it wants to send to destination Di (i.e., each sources sends to a different destination). Suppose that K=10, RS = 100 Mbps, RD= 54 Mbps, and R = 50 Gbps. What is the throughput between each source-destination pair?True or false? Suppose Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection. The number of unacknowledged bytes that A sends cannot exceed the size of the receive buffer.Consider a web page whose base file is of size S1 = 10 KB. Assume that the web page consists of N = 20 inline objects each of size S2 = 100 KB. Assume that the round-trip time to the web server is T = 100 ms and the bottleneck capacity is C = 10 Mbps. Ignore any packetization delays and header overhead.a. Assuming non-persistent HTTP is used with a single TCP connection, how long does it take to download the web page?b. Assuming non-persistent HTTP is used with 4 parallel TCP connections, how long does it take to download the web page?c. Assuming pipelined, persistent HTTP is used, how long does it take to download the web page? ”Pipelined” means requests for multiple objects can be sent back-to-back on the same connection.d. Assuming non-pipelined, persistent HTTP with 2 parallel TCP connections is used, how long does it take to download the web page? Assume that the 2 parallel connections equally share the total available bandwidth C.
- Consider the following page address stream: 2 1 4 3 5 3 2 4 5 2 1 2 4 3 1 Which of the following causes the most page faults to occur on a machine with 3 frames? Scheme that causes the most faults: a) First in First out b) LRU and FIFO are the same number of faults c) FIFO and Opitimal are the same number of faults d) All have the same number of faults e) Least Recently Used f) No faults occurs g) LRU and Optimal are the same number of faults h) Optimal NUMBER OF FAULTS CAUSED: a)Suppose that the WFQ scheduling policy is applied to a buffer that supports three classes (of priority packets), and suppose the weights are 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 for the three classes. Further suppose that each class has a large number of packets in the buffer. In what sequence might the three classes be served in order to achieve the WFQ weights?Give some details of how you might augment the sliding window protocol with flow control by having ACKs carry additional information that reduces the SWS as the receiver runs out of buffer space. Illustrate your protocol with a timeline for a transmission; assume the initial SWS and RWS are 4, the link speed is instantaneous, and the receiver can free buffers at the rate of one per second (i.e., the receiver is the bottleneck). Show what happens at T = 0, T = 1,...,T = 4 seconds.