b) Consider a scenario where fragmentation may take place in packet transfer. Discuss how such fragmentation may be reassembled at the destination. Now consider in such scenario, a datagram is fragmented into five fragments. The first four fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the four fragments in the receiver’s memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment arrives. What should be done with it?

b) Consider a scenario where fragmentation may take place in packet transfer. Discuss how such fragmentation may be reassembled at the destination. Now consider in such scenario, a datagram is fragmented into five fragments. The first four fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the four fragments in the receiver’s memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment arrives. What should be done with it?

Principles of Information Security (MindTap Course List)

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337102063

Author:Michael E. Whitman, Herbert J. Mattord

Publisher:Michael E. Whitman, Herbert J. Mattord

Chapter6: Security Technology: Access Controls, Firewalls, And Vpns

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2RQ

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Similar questions

Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose that a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?
When a file is transferred between two computers, two acknowledgement strategies are possible. In the first one, the file is chopped up into packets, which are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not acknowledged. In the second one, the packets are not acknowledged individually, but the entire file is acknowledged when it arrives. Discuss these two approaches.
Data collision is caused when many senders access the same medium at the same time; which protocol(s) and at what layer(s) are available to handle this problem? Is a transfer without collisions guaranteed by using these protocols? In the event that this is not the case, what other possibilities exist for finding a solution to the issue?
Let's imagine, for the sake of illustration, that a packet is now being sent from one site to another along a predetermined route. The following is a list of the components that make up the delay: Which of these delays is an ongoing problem, and which of them is sporadic in nature?
Data collision is caused when many senders access the media at the same time; in order to avoid this, what protocol(s) are available, and at what layer(s) do they operate? Are these protocols able to provide a transport that is free of collisions? In the event that this is not the case, what other potential solutions are available for fixing the issue?
Data collision occurs when many senders access the same media at the same time; which protocols and whose Layers are available to manage this issue? Is it possible to use these protocols without worrying about a loss of data due to collisions? In the event that this does not work, what other solutions are available?
Consider the following scenario in which host A is sending a file to host B over a TCP connection. Assuming that the sequence number of the first data byte sent by A is 0 and every segment always includes 1000 bytes of data, excluding the TCP header. At some point of time, bytes up to 6400 have been written into the sender’s buffer. Bytes up to 4999 have been sent out but the segment which contains bytes 2000~2999 has not arrived at host B yet. At the receiver’s side, all bytes up to 3999 have been received except for bytes 2000~2999. Bytes up to 499 have been read from the buffer by the application. Assume that the maximum size of the sender’s buffer is large enough. Consider the sliding window algorithm in TCP and answer the following questions. 1) What are the values for LastByteAcked, LastByteSent, and LastByteWritten? 2) What are the values for LastByteRead, NextByteExpected, and LastByteRcvd? 3) Assuming that the maximum size of the receiver’s buffer is 4000 byte, what would…
Consider the scenario in which a sequence of packets are sent from one site to another along a predetermined route, starting at the sending host and finishing at the receiving host. Provide a rundown of the many components that contribute to the overall end-to-end latency of a single packet. Which delays are always present, and which ones are subject to change?
22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?
22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? c. (c) hops required per received packet?
R6Fragmentation of an IP datagram takes place if its size is larger than the MTU of the subnet over which the datagram will be routed. Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?
a) In a bus CSMA/CD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, a collision occurs 20 µs after the first bit of the frame leaves the sending station. What should the length of the frame be so that the sender can detect the collision? b) There are only two stations, A and B, in a bus 1-persistence CSMA/CD network with Tp = 25.6 µs and Tr = 51.2 µs. Station A has a frame to send to station B. The frame is unsuccessful two times and succeeds on the third try. Draw a flowchart for this problem. Assume that the R is 1 and 2 respectively and ignore the time for sending a jamming signal.