19. A tank containing saturated steam undergoes a rapid drop in pressure. This results in rainout from the steam. In the absence of any other process, use the con- servation equations of mass and energy to derive a relation for the rainout mass flow rate in terms of the depressurization rate. [Ans.: mg = (m, / h [(dh, I dP) – v,](dP/ dt)].
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- Suppose we got the following data during a test of a 2- stroke engine in which gas is usedas a fuel:Diameter of the piston = 149 mmStroke length = 179 mmClearance volume = 0.88 literrpm of the engine = 302Indicated mean effective pressure = 6.0 barGas consumption = 6.0 m3/hCalorific value of the gas (fuel) = 16990 kJ/m3Make a clear sketch the geometry of this engine using the data and determine thefollowing:i. Indicated power developed by the engine in watt.ii. Air Standard Efficiencyiii. Indicated thermal efficiency of the engine.A) A fuel injection nozzle creates small droplets of liquid gasoline at 15.6 C. If the average diameter of the droplets is 350 (Greek mu)m, what is the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the droplets? ( (Greek mu)m = 10^-6 m) B) What is the difference between the pressure inside a soap bubble and atmospheric pressure for a 3-in. diameter bubble? Assume that the surface tension of the soap film is equivalent to 70% of that for pure water at 60 F.5. The total head of a fan is 185 m and has a static efficiency pressure of 210 mm of water gage.What is the velocity of air flowing if the density of air is 1.15 kg per cubic meter? 8. A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5 kg ofcoal at barometric pressure of 98.2 KPa. The flue gas has temperature of 285 degree Celsiusand an average molecular weight of 30. Assuming an ash loss of 11% and allowable gas velocityof 7.5 meters per second. Find the diameter of the chimney 9. The gas density is 0.75 kg per cubic meters and air density is of 1.15 kg per cubic meter. If thedriving pressure is 0.25 KPA. Determine the height of the chimney. 10. A powerplant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 KPa and 23.88 degreeCelsius. Flue gases at a rate of 5.0 kg per second enter the stack at 200 degree Celsius andleaves at 160 degree Celsius. The flue gases gravimetric analysis are 18% CO2, 7% O2 and 75%N2. Calculate the height of…
- QUESTION 22.1. A water hammer is a phenomenon caused by the sudden increase or decreasein fluid velocity which results in pressure fluctuations in a pipe.A common cause of the water hammer is rapid closure of a valve in apipeline. In order to minimise the pressure rise, the closure time of thevalve needs to be increased. If a pipe (K = 18.9 x 105 kPa) is laid for adistance of 1500 m, which of the following would be considered a gradualvalve closure time?(a) 1.3 seconds(b) 5 seconds(c) 2.18 seconds(d) All of the above 2.2. hich of the following is considered a minor friction loss in pipe system?(a) Slight changes in elevation(b) Shock losses due to a pipe contraction(c) Head loss due to pipe friction(d) Head loss when the fluid passes through a valve.For supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels, a diffuser efficiency, ηD,can be defined as the ratio of the total pressures at the diffuser exit andnozzle reservoir, divided by the total pressure ratio across a normal shockat the test-section Mach number. This is a measure of the efficiency ofthe diffuser relative to normal shock pressure recovery. Consider asupersonic wind tunnel designed for a test-section Mach number of 3.0which exhausts directly to the atmosphere. The diffuser efficiency is 1.2.Calculate the minimum reservoir pressure necessary for running thetunnel.You are being tasked as a wind tunnel engineer to investigate the performance of newly designed high-speed wind tunnel in UPNM. An exhaust gas flows through a nozzle where the inlet area is 5,000 cm2.At this inlet, the gas has a velocity of 1,200 m/s, temperature of 1,500oC,and pressure of 6,000 kPa. Initial measurement revealed that the pressure at the exit of the wind tunnel is 100 kPa. Based on this information, analyze and investigate ; i. Mach number at inlet of the nozzle ii. The velocity of gas at exit iii. The area of the nozzle at exit Take specific heat ratio for the exhaust gas, ? to be 1.7 and the gas constant, R to be 205 J/kg.
- A cylindrical tank shown below has a radius ? and a circular orifice at the bottom of radius ?. At time ? = 0 the liquid level in the tank is ho. (a) Use the Bernoulli equation to determine the relations between the orifice velocity ?o and the free surface velocity ?s (assume the surface velocity is not zero). (b) Use conservation of mass to determine the orifice velocity in terms of the free surface velocity. (c) Use the results in (a) and (b) to derive a differential equation for h(?). Note that ?s = − dh/dt. d) Separate variables and solve the equation for h(?) with the initial condition h(0) = ho (e) Determine how long it will take to empty the tank.9.16. One kind of thermodynamic diagram that is useful in engineering problems is the P–H diagram, in which the x-axis is molar enthalpy and the y-axis is pressure.(a) Several kinds of iso-lines can be drawn in such a diagram, including isotherms(constant temperature), isentrops (constant entropy), and isochores (constant molar volume). For each of these three cases, find expressions for the slope of these lines on a P–H diagram in terms of measurable properties.(b) Find expressions for these slopes for the ideal monatomic gas, in terms of T and P. Explain on physical grounds any unusual results7.1 To measure the mass flow rate of a fluid in a laminar flow through a circular pipe, a hot-wire-type velocity meter is placed in the center of the pipe. Assuming that the measuring station is far from the entrance of the pipe, the velocity distribution is parabolic: where is the centerline velocity (r = 0), r is the radial distance from the pipe centerline, and D is the pipe diameter. Derive an expression for the average fluid velocity at the cross section in terms of and D. (b) Obtain an expression for the mass flow rate. (c) If the fluid is mercury at , D = 10 cm, and the measured value of is 0.2 cm/s, calculate the mass flow rate from the measurement.
- Over a 30 m length of 150 mm vacuum line carrying air at 293 K (Molecular Weight =26.44 kg/kmol, Viscosity = 18.12*10^-6 N s/m^2), the pressure falls from 1 kN/m^2 to 0.1 kN/m^2. If the relative roughness e/d is 0.002, what is the approximate mass flow rate? (unit is required).The wind turbine gives the following data: Blade length, l = 39 m, Wind speed, V= 12.4 m/s, Air density, ρ = 1.23 kg/m3 , Power Coefficient, Cp = 0.39, Calculate the power available in the wind.The speed of a supersonic aircraft flying at an altitude of 1,100 meters corresponds to a Mach number of 2.5. Estimate the time elapsed, in seconds, between the instant the aircraft was directly over head of an observer and the instant the observer feels the disturbance due to the aircraft. Presume that the temperature at the given height is 280°K, with k = 1.4 and R = 2.87 J/kg·K, in determining the questions of the following three cases: A) When the observer is stationaryB) When the observer is moving in the direction of the aircraft at M = 0.5C) When the observer is moving in the opposite direction with M = 0.5.