3 Which among the following is NOT true to the epidemiologic triangle model? A. If the balance is maintained or is tilted in favor of the host, disease does not occur. B. Environmental elements can tilt the balance in favor of the agent. C. The model suggests that the agent and the susceptible host interact freely in a common environment. D. If the balance is tilted in favor of the agent, disease does not occur. Answer: Rationale: 4) This refers to any organism capable of causing disease: A. Causative agent B. Reservoir C. Portal of exit D. Susceptible Host Answer:
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- The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak – an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the aboveThe multifactorial causes of diseases often create philosophical problems in epidemiology. How does themultifactorial nature of disease impact:Disease classification, causal inference, and prediction?The purpose of an analytical study is toa) identify the person, place, and time of an outbreak.b) identify risk factors that result in high frequencies of disease.c) assess the effectiveness of preventive measures.d) determine the effectiveness of a placebo.e) None of the above
- please answer only all no explanation 9.Which of these IS/ARE the limitation/s of Social Epidemiology? (a) Differ in Social problems (b) Behavioural adaptations (c) Multifactorial causation 10. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve is usually drawn between (a) Sensitivity and specificity (b) (1-sensitivity) and specificity (c) Sensitivity and (1-specificity) (d) (1-sensitivity) and (1-specificity) 11.A screening test is not useful when (a) Incidence of the disease is high in the community (b) Incidence is low in the community (c) Early detection leads to a favourable outcome (d) The disease has a lead time 12.Uses of screening EXCEPT: (a) Case detection (b) Treatment purpose (c) Research purpose (d) Educational purpose 13. Which of the following is NOT related to a genetic disorder? (a) Environmental factors (b) Mutation (c) Mitochondria (d) Agent d) All of the aboveEpidemiologist rely on a set of standard study designs to understand the distribution of 'diseases' and what factors are associated with the presence or absence of disease. Ultimately, the goal is to identify the 'causes' of disease in order to prevent the disease in the future. In modern epidemiology, disease is defined broadly, and can range from infectious diseases (e.g., malaria, HIV), chronic diseases (e.g., heart attack, stroke, diabetes), injuries (e.g., car accidents, homicide), or even social conditions (e.g., poverty). Exposures too may be defined as anything proposed as a potential cause (or correlate) of the disease. For this exercise, briefly outline a hypothetical study to investigate a potential exposure/disease relationship. You may draw on your own experience or choose a topic that is of interest to you. After choosing a topic to study, select an appropriate study design from the list below. Cross-sectional study Cohort study Case-control study Ecological study…According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: A. Prepathogenesis B. Pathogenesis C. Primogenesis D. B and C
- Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…If an epidemiologist is studying a new disease, or one that is beginning to emerge, would incidence or prevalence data be more useful? Why?1. First, describe your chosen public health issues topic. a. Then, explain why you chose the topic. b. Finally, explain the topic’s relevance to public health. (We suggest citing reading and lecture material to demonstrate your understanding of public health.] [Minimum of 150 words] 2. Who is impacted by this issue, and why? a. Include epidemiological evidence, such as incidence or prevalence or population-based data, if it exists. b. Are certain populations more affected than others? c.Do health disparities exist? Explain. [Minimum of 150 words.] 3. How might different stakeholders (an individual or group with an invested interest in the topic ) understand the issue? [Minimum of 150 words.] a. Consider different parties like industry, government, healthcare, technology, various cultural groups, etc. You don’t have to describe each of these, but rather appreciate how any issue will include various perspectives. i. With the Dakota pipeline, for example, the Native American…
- Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to a. directly test etiologic hypotheses b. generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology c. evaluate trends in health and disease within a population d. examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe e. both a and b are correct f. both b and c are correctDifferentiate the following Epidemiological Measures a. Frequency Measures: Incidence and prevalence b. Morbidity Frequency Measures c. Mortality Frequency MeasuresScenario: As a nurse supervisor working in a COVID 19 ward facility you must know the infection prevention and control measures to prevent cross contamination from one person to another. Applying the Theory of Patricia Benner, how will you consider that you are an expert? Expound your answer Applying the nursing theory of Katie Eriksson, how will you promote caritative caring in a covid19 positive patient?