3. Consider a parent who is altruistic towards her child, but also cares about her own consumption. The parent's utility over her own consumption and that of her child is up log(co) + a log(c₁) where c₁ is the child's consumption, and a > 0 is the degree of parental altruism. Suppose that the parent can invest in the child's human capital by spending money (e) on her education; education generates human capital h = f(e) and human capital is paid at rate w. The parent has a total income of y. (a) Write down an expression for the child's future consumption in terms of the parent's choice of e. (b) Now write down the Lagrangian for the parent's decision problem.
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- 2. Mr. A has the following utility function and budget constraints: Max 0.1Ln(C1) + 0.7Ln(C2) Subject to S1 + C1 = 100 C2 + S2 = (1 + r)S1 where C1 and C2 are consumption level at young and that at old respectively. Likewise, S1 and S2 are saving at young and saving at old respectively. a) Find out Mr. A’s optimal consumption levels (i.e. C1*, C2*) and optimal savings (i.e. S1*, S2*) in terms of interest rate r. b) Show clearly the results in part a) in a suitable diagram (with C1 as x-axis and C2 as y-axis). c) Is Mr. A a saver ? or a borrower ? d) If r is equal to 0 (i.e. saving gives no returns), will Mr. A still choose to save when he is young (i.e. is S1 still bigger than 0) ? Why ? e) Suppose that Mr. A is not allowed to save (i.e. S1 = 0). What are his optimal consumption levels ? Show his optimal consumption levels in the same diagram you prepare for part a) (with a suitable indifference curve). f) If r increases,…Assume that someone has inherited 2,000 bottles of wine from a rich uncle. He or she intends to drink these bottles over the next 40 years. Suppose that this person’s utility function for wine is given by u(c(t)) = (c(t))0.5, where c(t) is each instant t consumption of bottles. Assume also this person discounts future consumption at the rate δ = 0.05. Hence this person’s goal is to maximize 0ʃ40 e–0.05tu(c(t))dt = 0ʃ40 e–0.05t(c(t))0.5dt. Let x(t) represent the number of bottle of wine remaining at time t, constrained by x(0) = 2,000, x(40) = 0 and dx(t)/dt = – c(t): the stock of remaining bottles at each instant t is decreased by the consumption of bottles at instant t. The current value Hamiltonian expression yields: H = e–0.05t(c(t))0.5 + λ(– c(t)) + x(t)(dλ/dt). This person’s wine consumption decreases at a continuous rate of ??? percent per year. The number of bottles being consumed in the 30th year is approximately ???Suppose that there are only 10 individuals in the economy each with the following utility function over present and future consumption: U (c1, c2) = c1 +C2, where ci is consumption today, and c2 is consumption tomorrow. Consumption tomorrow is less valued because people are impatient and prefer consuming now rather than later. Buying 1 unit of consumption today costs $1 today and buying 1 unit of consumption tomorrow costs $1 tomorrow. All individuals have income of $10 dollars today and no income tomorrow (because they will be retired) but they can save at the market interest rater> 0. How much of his or her income will an individual consume today given that the interest rate is 0.3? O. Less than half of it O. Exactly half of it O. The individual is indifferent between consuming today and saving O. More than half of it O. All of it O. None of it How much of his or her income will an individual consume today given that the interest rate is 0.5? O. Less than half of it…
- A person has a 2-period utility consumption function U(c1, c2), with a budget function W = c1+c2/1+ra. Explain with pictures how one should choose c1 and c2 such that MRS(from c1 to c2) equals 1+r.b. Also explain with pictures how when the individual receives income, whileconditions at that time was a crisis.Problem 4 - Costless Magical MacGuffinConsider a consumer that lives only for two periods. He works in period 1 (and gets income Y1) and moves up thecorporate ladder in period 2 (and gets income Y1 < Y2). This consumer has the usual preferences over time: u(C1) +βu(C2)Assume this consumer cannot borrow.1. What is the consumption in period 1 and period 2? Display graphically. Show the corresponding utilitycurve.Assume that now the consumer is allowed to save or borrow.2. Write down the new budget constraint. What is the consumption in period 1 and period 2? Displaygraphically. Could the consumer be worse off? Could the consumer be better off? Draw budget constraintssuch that for one of them consumer prefers to borrow and for the other - prefers to save.Assume once again that a consumer cannot borrow, but can borrow and immediately sell some ‘MacGuffins’, and in the next period, the consumer must buy back the MacGuffins to return to the lender. Assume that MacGuffins trade at P1 >…Mats, who has reference-dependent preferences over beer and money, goes to the local pub with a friend, but is not planning on drinking any beer or spending any of his 50 Euro in cash. Let his end-of-evening outcomes in pints of beer consumed and cash be c1 and c2, respectively, and let his reference point in pints of beer and cash be r1 and r2, respectively. Then, Mats’ utility is given by v(6c1 − 6r1) + v(c2 − r2), where v(x) = x for x ≥ 0, and v(x) = 1.5x for x < 0. (a) Suppose that the price of beer is pB. Calculate Mats’ utility from drinking one pint of beer at this price. What is Mats’ utility from drinking no beer? And, comparing these two utility values, what is the maximum price pB that Mats would pay for one beer? (b) Suppose that Mats unexpectedly gets a pint of beer as part of a promotion at the pub, and incorporates its consumption into his reference point in beer. [Hint: this means that (r1, r2) = (1, 50).] Suppose that Mats could sell the beer at a price pS.…
- Whether a certain criterion is determinant or not is independent of the situation in which a product is consumed. True False In the context of disposing of consumer refuse, recycling cuts down on garbage while providing raw materials for other new products. True False Which of the following is a fundamental emotion evoked by positive, anticipatory appraisals that signal uncertainty about a positive outcome? a. Hope b. Confusion c. Surprise d. Pride Which of the following best describes chronic, repetitive purchasing behaviors that are in response to negative events or feelings? a. Addictive consumption b. Impulsive purchasing c. Window shopping d. Compulsive buying Retaliatory revenge is when a consumer yells insults and makes a public scene in an effort to harm the business. True FalseAlex preferences over cake, c, and money, m, can be represented by the utility functionu (c, m) = c + m + µ (c − rc) + µ (m − rm)where rc is his cake reference point, rm is his money reference point, and the function µ (·) isdefined as µ (z) = z , z ≥ 0 and λz, z < 0 where λ > 0. 1. If his reference point is the status quo (that is, his initial endowment), what is themaximum price Sam would be willing to pay to buy a cake?2. If his reference point is the status quo, what is the minimum price Sam would be willingto accept to sell a cake he already owned?Consider a two-period consumption saving model and let f1 and f2 denote the first and secondperiod consumption, respectively. Assume that the interest rate at which the consumer may lend or borrowis 10%. Suppose that a consumer’s utility function is x (f1> f2) = f1 + 20√f2= The consumer first periodincome is L1 = $100 and the present value of her income stream is $330=(a) What is the optimal consumption stream (consumption bundle) of this consumer?(b) Is this consumer borrower or lender? How much does she borrow or lend?(c) What is the effect of a reduction of the interest rate to 5% on the consumer’s optimal first-periodsaving? (Make sure to take into account the effect of the decline in the interest rate on the present value ofthe consumer’s income stream.)
- 2. Tom spends all his $100 weekly income on two goods, apples and bananas. His utility function is given by U (A, B) = AB, where A and B stand for the quantity of apples and bananas consumed by Tom. If PA = $4 and PB= $10, how many apples and bananas will he consume? Make sure you write out the utility maximization problem explicitly, including the decision variable(s). What if his utility function is given by U (A, B) = A0.5B 0.5?A consumer has utility u(x,y,z)= ln(x) + 2ln(y) + 3ln(z) over the three goods, x,y and z and pZ = 1 . Optimally sheconsumes 30 units of z. What is her income? How much money does she spend on x?(HINT: MUX =??, MUY =??, MUZ =??and remember the “equivalent bang for the buck” condition)(b) Forget about (a). Suppose you have t = 29 hours in total to spend on 3 projects X, Y and Z to make some money.If you spend x hours on project X, you make 2√? dollars;If you spend y hours on project Y, you make ?√? dollars;If you spend z hours on project Z, you make ?√? dollars;Writing down your “utility function” u(x,y,z) and the constraint, solve the utility maximization problem; what isthe optimal amount of time to spend on x ? on y? on z ?A possible explanation for the indecency might be the fact that the consumers are not all alive at the same time and therefore some mutually advantageous trades cannot occur. Consider an economy where consumer t receives an endowment of 1 unit of the single consumption good at time t and obtains utility only from consumption at times t and t + 1. All consumers meet at time 0 to trade. What is the equilibrium? Is exigency restored?