3.4-6 Cumulative ACK. What is meant by a cumulative acknowledgment, ACK(n)? O A cumulative ACK(n) allows the receiver to let the sender know that it has not received any packets with a new sequence number since the last cumulative ACK(n) was sent. O A cumulative ACK(n) allows the receiver to let the sender know that it has not yet received an ACK for packet with sequence number n. O A cumulative ACK(n) acks all packets with a sequence number up to and including n as being received.
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Cumulative ACK. What is meant by a cumulative acknowledgment, ACK(n)?
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- This problem concerns the code based on the 31 - hat game. Here the message should be decomposed into blocks of length 31–5 = 26. Suppose that one of the 26 blocks in the starting message has eight 0’s followed by ten 1’s, followed by eight 0’s. That is, it is 00000000111111111100000000 (a) Find its associated L-node, which is the code word which will be transmitted. (b) Suppose that in the transmission, there is an error in the 20th character. Give a detailed account of the calculations made by the decoder to recover the original message(you should achieve O(n) time)When Bob wants to send Alice a message M on the Internet, he breaks M into n data packets, numbers the packets consecutively, and injects them into the network. When the packets arrive at Alice’s computer, they may be out of order, so Alice must assemble the sequence of n packets in order before she can be sure she has the entire message. Describe an efficient scheme for Alice to do this. What is the running time of this algorithm?Give outcome of the given scenario: It only permits a user send five packets to its destination at once. Before the sender sends the sixth packet, the sender should wait for the first packet's ACK.
- Computer Science Before the introduction of IEEE 802.11i, the security scheme for IEEE 802.11 was Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). Assume that the initialization vector (IV) is not used in WEP. Instead, RC4 is applied using K as input and producing s as output. Assume RC4(K, n) is applied for each packet and that all packets have the same length. If an attacker intercepts a single packet with ciphertext C1 and also has a known plaintext/ciphertext pair (P2, C2). Show how the attacker can find the plaintext P1. You can make use of an example by assuming some random data is being encrypted.Packet buffering in Go-Back-N. What are some reasons for discarding received-but- out-of-sequence packets at the receiver in GBN? Indicate one or more of the following statements that are correct. Group of answer choices a.The implementation at the receiver is simpler. b.Discarding an out of sequence packet will really force the sender to retransmit. c.If some packets are in error, then its likely that other packets are in error as well. d.The sender will resend that packet in any case.22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?
- 22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? c. (c) hops required per received packet?Two neighboring nodes ( A and B ) use a sliding - window protocol with a 3 - bit sequence number . A go - back - N is used with a window size of 5 . Assuming A is transmitting and B is receiving , show the window positions for the following succession of events : a . ) Before A sends any frames b . ) After A sends frames 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and B acknowledges them . c . ) After A sends frames 5 , 6 , and 7 and B acknowledges them and the ACK is received by A.Give outcome for given scenario:A source had sent five packets and suddenly pause the animation before those packets had reached its destination. Now kill the first packet's ACK after it reaches its destination.
- Q3) Consider weighted queueing scheme with three queues at the output port. The weights assigned to queues are w = 4, w = 2, and w = 1. The contents of each queue at time t1 are shown in below Figure. Assume packets are all the same size and that transmission time for each is 1 micro-second. Answer the following: c) Has queuing created jitter for each class? Assume a simple network of two directly adjacent routers. At time T=0 seconds both sent updates (A -> B "can reach 10.0.0.0 with cost 1", B -> A "can reach 20.0.0.0 with cost 1"). At time T=10 second router B exploded and, as a sad consequence, it stopped sending or receiving any packets. Select all statements that are true: - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, it will not reach the destination - If at T=125s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=125s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=185s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=185s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=305s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=305s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24Implement the Hamming Code error detection and correction algorithm for a group message to be transmitted over a network. Hamming code algorithm allows the receiver to detect errors that may have been introduced due to many factors such as noise, interference, and many others. -> Assume the following: 1. The sender message length is 2 bytes. The data transmitted to the user is the 2-byte data in addition to the parity bits. 2. The receiver must be able to detect and correct 1-bit error. Report :In the report you must include an overview of the Hamming code algorithm and you need to show: 1. The detailed calculation of the minimum number of parity bits needed for a message of 2-byte length. 2. Details on how sender generates the parity bits. 3. Details on how thew receiver detects and corrects a 1-bit error. THANKS., PLEASE GIVE DETAILED DESCRIPTION.