4. Analysis of four double-stranded DNA samples yielded the following information: Sample 1- 35% cytosine Sample 3- 15% thymine Sample 4-12% adenine Sample 2-28% guanine 4.1 What would be the percentages of the other bases in each sample? 4.2 Could any of these samples come from the same organism?
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- 1. Which of the following are generated due to the twisting of dsDNA? a. Hydrophobic bonds b. Van der Waal forces c. Hydrogen bonds d. Grooves 2. Which of the following terms refers to the annealing of ssDNA to complementary RNA? a. Homologous combination b. Hybridization c. Denaturation d. Telomere lengthening 3. Which of the following completes this statement? The melting temperature of DNA is the temperature at which__________. a. DNA denatures b. DNA bonds are reinforced c. Solid DNA becomes liquid d. Liquid DNA coils2. Compute the concentration of the double-stranded DNA using the formula: dsDNA concentration = 50 μg/mL × OD260 × dilution factor. Problem 1. Determine the concentration of your purified DNA with OD260reading of 0.5 and was diluted in 10ml TE buffer. Problem 2: A DNA samples diluted 30x has an OD260 reading of 0.35. Problem 3: A sample of dsDNA was diluted 20X. The diluted sample gave areading of 0.65 on a spectrophotometer at OD260.2. The DNA of each species has a different base composition. Find the base composition of each species, using what you know about complementary base pairing.A. Human DNA is approximately 20% C. G = % A = % T = % B. In the bacteriophage ΦΧ174, the DNA is approximately 26% A. C = % G = % T = % C. Sea urchin DNA is approximately 18% G. C = % A = % T = %
- 1.What are nucleic acids? What are their functions? 2.Illustrate and compare the primary and secondary structural levels of nucleic acids. 3.Name at least three applications of DNA analysis with full discussion of each.01 Source of DNA Base Percentage Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Sca urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1 Salmon 29.7 20.8 20.4 29.1 Wheat 28.1 21.8 22.7 E; coli 24.7 26.0 Human 30.4 29.0 a) Explain how the sea urchin and salmon data demonstrate both of Chargaff's rules Using Chargaff's rules, fill in the table with your predictions of the missing percentages of bases starting with the wheat genome and proceeding through coli, human; and ox. Show how you arrived at your answers_ c) If Chargaff's rule-that the amount of A equals the amount of T and the amount of C equals the amount of G ~is valid, then hypothetically we could extrapolate this to the combined DNA of all species on Earth (like one huge Earth genome) . To see whether the data in the table support this hypothesis, calculate the average percentage for each base in your completed table by averaging the values in each column: Does Chargaff's equivalence rule still hold true?1. Based on the result of spectrophotometry, what can you say about the quantity and purity of your DNA samples? Why did you get such results? 2. Explain the principle involved in the use of 260/280 absorbance ratio for determining the purity of a given DNA sample
- 2b) If you denatured the random 1000 bp fragments of potoroo DNA by heating them to 95°C. and then cooled them down to 60°C and allowed them to reanneal, you would find that approximately 20% of the DNA fragments renatured very rapidly, another 30% of the DNAfragments renatured moderately rapidly, and the remaining DNA fragments renatured relatively slowly. From these results, whatfraction of the potoroo genome is composed of highly repetitiveDNA? helpful Information10. Analyse the following DNA sequences and identify and explain the anomalies you observe. Ifthere is no anomaly specify that as well. a.) 5’ A A T C T A G C T A A T T C G C A A A T T A A T C G 3’3’ T T A G A T C G U T T A A G C G T T U A A T T A G C 5’. Peas (Pisum sativum) are diploid and 2n = 14. In Neurospora, the haploid fungus, n = 7. If you were to isolategenomic DNA from both species and use electrophoresisto separate DNA molecules by size, how many distinctDNA bands would be visible in each species?
- If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent A, what would be the percentage of C? 27 percent 30 percent 23 percent 54 percent1- The following Wild Type DNA codes for color in a lizard living in the Namib Desert (tan sand) a skin colorof reddish brown. This lizard is preyed upon by hawks flying above.Wild Type (Normal) DNADNA Template Strand: TAC-TTC-AAA-CCG-ATTDNA (silent strand): ATG-AAG-TTT-GGC-TAA For number 7, compare this change to the wild type in number 1. Remember that the originalpigment is a different color.7. Let us assume that the following protein (Met-Lys-Phe-Ser) changes the pigment deposited inthe lizard skin to a tan color. Would this be detrimental? Would this be beneficial? Explaineither answer.Watch the demonstration video on nucleic acid quantification on the NanoDrop spectrophotometer: https://cutt.ly/bio150dnaquantification Note: the video is entitled RNA but the method is identical for DNA quantification. 1. At what ratio of A260/280 can we say that DNA is pure? What about RNA and protein?2. While spectrophotometric methods are effective at detecting DNA, a more sensitive but expensive technique called fluorometry is used in sensitive applications. What is the principle behind fluorometry and why is it better than spectrophotometry in detecting DNA?