5. Summarize the signal transduction pathway.EXTRA-CELLULARFLUIDSignaling molecule(first messenger)G proteinDAGGTPPIP2G protein-coupledreceptorPhospholipase CIP,(second messenger)IP,-gatedcalcium channelEndoplasmicreticulum (ER)VariousCaproteinsactivatedCellularResponsesCa(secondmessenger)CYTOSOL

The process of converting the extracellular signals that carry the specific information into the…

5. Summarize the signal transduction pathway. EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupled receptor PIP, Phospholipase C IP, (second messenger) IP, gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Various proteins activated Cellular Responses Ca (second messenger) CYTOSOL

5. Summarize the signal transduction pathway. EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupled receptor PIP, Phospholipase C IP, (second messenger) IP, gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Various proteins activated Cellular Responses Ca (second messenger) CYTOSOL

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6TYK: Which of the following is incorrect about pathways activated by G-proteincoupled receptors? a. The...

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Trace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers: cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions.
During signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMP
Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b) split calmodulin (c) are kept at higher concentration in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid (d) are produced in the ER by protein kinases and protein phosphatases (e) typically terminate signaling cascades
3. Based on the diagram above and your labels, propose a definition for "transduction" in the context of a signal transduction pathway. 4. Amplification often occurs during the signal transduction step of the cell communication pathway. Explain how the signal above was amplified and draw an arrow on the image to indicate where amplification occurred. 5. List three possible cellular responses that could occur due to a signal being received by a target cell. Hint: look at Figure 6-2 in your book or on the second page of your notes,
3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.
E: Using either GPCRs (G-protein couples receptors) or RTKs (Receptor tyrosine kinases), describe: 1. How ligand binding activates the receptor. Ex: which proteins are involved? what changes can occur to the receptor after binding the ligand? 2. A signal transduction pathway that occurs due to the ligand binding (must include a secondary messenger). 3. Any cellular response due to the ligand binding. 4. A way that the signal pathway is regulated.
Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK receptors with respect to (a)structure (especially the transmembrane region), (b) activation mechanism, and (c) initial signal transduction across the membrane.
A small number of cell surface receptors and low amounts of signals (ligands) can generate a large intracellular response as each step of the signal transduction pathway can be expanded by... A. gene amplification, i.e. increasing the number of target genes. B. enzyme-mediated signal amplification, e.g. phosphorylation cascades. C. the synthesis of new proteins. D. ATP Synthase, e.g. by building proton (H+) gradients.
An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels activated by the elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, Cl- channels activated by PKC, aquaporins, and α-1 adrenergic receptors (GPCRs that activate Gαq/11 signalling pathway). No voltage-gated channels of any kind are present. The resting membrane potential of these cells is about –50 mV, and they are bathed in the standard extracellular solution. The intracellular concentrations of the relevant ions are as follows: K+ 130 mM, Na+ 15 mM, Cl- 30 mM, Ca2+ 10-4 mM. What will happen to the cell volume if α-1 adrenergic receptor agonist is applied to the bath? Explain your answer.
An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels activated by the elevated levels of cytosolic Ca2+, Cl- channels activated by PKC, aquaporins, and α-1 adrenergic receptors (GPCRs that activate Gαq/11 signalling pathway). No voltage-gated channels of any kind are present. The resting membrane potential of these cells is about –50 mV, and they are bathed in the standard extracellular solution. The intracellular concentrations of the relevant ions are as follows: K+ 130 mM, Na+ 15 mM, Cl- 30 mM, Ca2+ 10-4 mM. Q. What will happen to the cell volume if α-1 adrenergic receptor agonist is applied to the bath? Explain your answer.
1. A mutation was introduced to the active site of the enzyme in a receptor tyrosine kinase so that it remains active in the absence of a substrate. What is the effect of this mutation on the signal transductionpathway?A. The phosphatase activity of the enzyme will be activated which will lead to receptor dimerization and subsequent cellular response.B. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor and dimerization will occur but the subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.C. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor but dimerization and subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.D. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor which will then triggers receptor dimerization and downstream cellular response. 2. Which of the following is not an advantage of non-coding regions of DNA?A. Some of these regions contain inactivated genes that can be reactivated upon insertion of regulatory sequences by mobile DNA elements.B. Some of these regions protect eukaryotic DNA from…
Which of the following could not elicit a signal transduction response? a. a protein kinase b. a virus mimicking a normal signal molecule c. a peptide hormone d. a steroid hormone e. a neurotransmitter