Neurotransmitters of inhibitory signal makes the membrane potential more positive. Select one: O True O False Hydrophobic signals after binding to the cell-surface receptors activate downstream signal transduction proteins inside the cells. Select one: O True O False
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- Which of these is NOT a response that occurs when an intercellular chemical signal binds to a membrane-bound receptor? 1. Enzymes at the inner surface of the cell are directly activated. 2. Ion channels open or close. 3. Enzymes add phosphate groups to certain proteins in the cell. 4. The chemical signal and receptor bind to DNA in the nucleus. 5. Activated G proteins activate enzymes that produce intracellular messengers.For a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is done by.. Select one: a. G-protein coupled receptors bind ligand, a phosphorylation cascade occurs, this causes a change in charge of the membrane due to the addition of phosphates allowing Na+ channels to open. b. Ligand-gated K+ channels open, allowing K+ to rush out of the cell and depolarize that part of the membrane. This change in charge opens neighboring voltage-gated channels. c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in. This then depolarizes that region of the membrane resulting in opening neighboring voltage-gated channels. d. Receptor tyrosine kinases have two Na+ molecules bind, this opens voltage-gated channels allowing the “signal” to pass down the axon.Select the correct order of signal transduction / cell communication / cell signaling. Reception - Response - Amplification Amplification - Reception - Response Response - Reception - Amplification Reception - Amplification - Response
- In 5-7 sentences. Provide a narrative overview of the function of the receptor including: The extracellular signal that acts as the ligand for the receptor The physiological response that is induced The benefits of this pathway to the cell/organismA drug binds to a receptor and causes an immediate change in the electrical signaling or excitability of that cell, without activating another signaling molecule. What type of receptor is this drug most likely binding to? G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ligand-gated ion channel Enzyme-coupled receptor Intracellular receptor Voltage-gated ion channelBriefly describe the effects of positive and negative feedback loops on signalling pathway responses. How do the two loops functionally differ when pathway input stimulus shifts from present to absent? Please keep brief - 4 sentences/dot points max.
- Choose the best term which describe the following statement: antagonist binds to the binding site of receptor and change the shape: Select one: Incorrect Induced fit. Correct induced fit. Signal transduction. Perfect fit.List the ions that contribute to electrical signaling in neurons and what side of the neuron their concentration is highestWhy do different cells respond to the same stimulus in different ways? State three potential outcomes of signal transduction events.
- When a neurotransmitter binds with receptors at the membrane, it may cause sodium channels to open. An inflow of sodium causes the membrane to partially depolarize and become less negatively charged. For example, the voltage might change from -70 mV to -65 mV. This partial depolarization of the dendrites and cell body acts as: an EPSP, exciting the cell and increasing the likelihood of action potentials. an IPSP, inhibiting the cell and reducing the likelihood of action potentials. none of these options; depolarization has no excitatory or inhibitory effect on a neuron. both an EPSP and and IPSP.Which of the following ion channels are always sensitive to small changes in electric charge? stress-activated channels ligand-gated channels with extracellular ligands voltage-gated channels ligand-gated channels with intracellular ligands all of the aboveWhich of the following happens if the concentration of potassium in the extracellular fluid increases too much?A) Potassium would be taken up by the oligodendrocytes, so no net change in signaaaling would result. B) No signaling could occur. C) The Neuron would become hyperexcitable D) The sodium pumps would immediately fix the situation, so no net change in signaling would result.