6.5 Outline the synthesis of 4-methyl-2-pentanone from acetoacetic ester, benzene, and alcohols of four carbons or fewer. Please show any intermediates for cach step in the reaction, but a full mechanism is not required.
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- (−)-Hyoscyamine, an optically active drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, is isolated from Atropa belladonna, the deadly nightshade plant, by a basic aqueous extraction procedure. If too much base is used during isolation, optically inactive material is isolated. (a) Explain this result by drawing a stepwise mechanism. (b) Explain why littorine, an isomerisolated from the tailower plant in Australia, can be obtained optically pure regardless of the amount of base used during isolation.(b) Classify the following alcohols in order of increasing ease of acid-catalyzed dehydration.Justify your answers.Compound A has acidity stronger than compound B
- Farnesyl diphosphate is cyclized to sesquiterpene A, which is then converted to the bicyclic product epi-aristolochene. Write a stepwise mechanism for both reactions.Several steps in the synthesis of optically active duloxetine, an antidepressant sold under the trade name Cymbalta, are shown. Identify the structure of intermediates A–C and the final product duloxetine, including stereochemistry, in this reaction sequence.When the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compounds 1 and 2 are treated with HCl, only 1 forms the hydrochloride salt, whereas compound 2 is unreactive. Provide an explanation for this observed reactivity.
- The analgesic naproxen can be prepared by a stepwise reaction sequence from ester A. Using enolate alkylation in one step, what reagents are needed to convert A to naproxen? Write the structure of each intermediate. Explain why a racemic product is formed.D is an intermediate in the synthesis of rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia), a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. Suggest two different methods to prepare the ether in D by substitution reactions.Compound K, L and M are three isomers with the molecular formula C5H10O.Compound K cannot be oxidized, while compound M and L can be oxidized.Oxidation of compound L with hot acidified potassium permanganate,KMnO4 solution yields 2-methylbutanoic acid. When treated with Iodoformreagent, yellow precipitation only occurs in compound K. Fehling test onlyyielded positive results for compound L and negative for compound M andK. Compound M is then reacted with hydrogen chloride, HCl produceschlorocyclopentane
- Compound K, L and M are three isomers with the molecular formula C5H10O.Compound K cannot be oxidized, while compound M and L can be oxidized.Oxidation of compound L with hot acidified potassium permanganate,KMnO4 solution yields 2-methylbutanoic acid. When treated with Iodoformreagent, yellow precipitation only occurs in compound K. Fehling test onlyyielded positive results for compound L and negative for compound M andK. Compound M is then reacted with hydrogen chloride, HCl produceschlorocyclopentane (i) Draw the structural formula of compounds K, L and M.Compound K, L and M are three isomers with the molecular formula C5H10O.Compound K cannot be oxidized, while compound M and L can be oxidized.Oxidation of compound L with hot acidified potassium permanganate,KMnO4 solution yields 2-methylbutanoic acid. When treated with Iodoformreagent, yellow precipitation only occurs in compound K. Fehling test onlyyielded positive results for compound L and negative for compound M andK. Compound M is then reacted with hydrogen chloride, HCl produceschlorocyclopentane. (ii) Name the type of chemical reaction of compound M when reacted withhydrogen chloride, HCl .Give the stepwise arrow-pushing mechanism for the following reaction to produce the product with stereochemical outcome.