(a) Estimate the mass of the luminous matter in the known universe, given there are 1011 galaxies, each containing 1011 stars of average mass 1.5 times that of our Sun. (b) How many protons (the most abundant nuclide) are there in this mass? (c) Estimate the total number of particles in the observable universe by multiplying the answer to (b) by two, since there is an electron for each proton, and then by 109 , since there are far more particles (such as photons and neutrinos) in space than in luminous matter.

Q: Quasars are thought to be the nuclei of active galaxies in the early stages of their formation. A…

A: Given:- A quasar radiates energy at the rate(P) =1x1041 W. One solar mass unit (1 smu= 2.0 x 1030…

Q: A virtual particle having an approximate mass of 1014 GeV/c2 may be associated with the unification…

A: We know,

Q: Does the equation E = mc2 apply to chemical reactions?

A: Einstein's equation E=mc2 applied to  nuclear reactions and to chemical reactions as well. however…

Q: Assume the average density of the Universe is equal to the critical density. (a) Prove that the age…

A:

Q: Why should the particle that carries positive charge be almost 2000 times as massive as the one…

A: The proton carries the positive charge and the electron carries the negative charge. The body have…

Q: The Big Bang that began the universe is estimated to have released 1068 of energy. How many stars…

A: energy created by star, E =0.5 x 1068 J mass of a star, m = 4 x 1030 kg

Q: Because of the cosmological expansion, a particular emission from a distant galaxy has a wavelength…

A:

Q: The critical mass density needed to just halt the expansion of the universe is approximately 10-26…

A: Given critical mass density needed to halt the expansion of the universe is ρcrirical = 10-26 kg/m3

Q: What do the quark compositions and other quantum numbers imply about the relationships between the…

A: Given:-             The quark composition of ∆+ and a proton is uud. The proton isospin is 12 and ∆+…

Q: How many grams of matter would have to be totallydestroyed to run a 75-W lightbulb for 1.0 year?

A: It is given that, 75Watts=75J/s75J/s×3600s/h×24h/d×365d/yr×1yr=2.3652×109J

Q: If a particle has a decay time of 2ms, what is its decay time if it is moving at 1.5x10^8 m/s?

A: The given values are,

Q: The Big Bang that began the universe is estimated to have released 1068 J of energy. How many stars…

A: Average mass of the star is m = 4.00×1030 kg Released energy is E = 1068 kg

Q: At full energy, protons in the 2.00-km-diameter Fermilab synchrotron travel at nearly the speed of…

A: The proton’s frequency to pass through the target area can be determined as, Here, T represents the…

Q: Suppose you are designing a proton decay experiment and you can detect 50 percent of the proton…

A: Given: A proton decay experiment and you can detect 50 percent of the proton decays in a tank of…

Q: The decay of one type of K-meson is cited as evidence that nature favors matter over antimatter.…

A: The universe consists of matter and no antimatter. Antimatter (specifically anti-particles) are…

Q: According to thermodynamic equilibrium, which should be the most abundant and least abundant quarks…

A: According to thermodynamic equilibrium, which should be the most abundant and least abundant quarks…

Q: If the universe is infinite, does it have a center? Discuss.

A: The universe is infinite, and what is know about the universe is gathered by analysing the…

Q: Our solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Assuming a circular orbit 30,000 ly in…

A: The time period of revolution is given by, T=2πrv Here, r is the radius of the orbit and v is the…

Q: What do the results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations tell…

A: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, also called Microwave Anisotropy Probe.

Q: If the average density of the Universe is small compared with the critical density, the expansion of…

A: According to Hubble’s law v = HR The expression for R  is R=vΔt Thus, v=HvΔtΔt=1H Here, ∆t is the…

Q: 1. Complete the table by computing for the best estimates Observable Trial 3 3.1416 6.523 1.158 5.1…

A: Given table:

Q: What is primordial or big bang nucleosythesis?

A: Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process where nuclei production happens (except the presence of the…

Q: Assume the average density of the universe is 0.1 of the critical density needed for closure. What…

A:

Q: What is the rest energy (in joules) of a subatomic particle whose (rest) mass is 6.7×10−31 kg?  How…

A: Rest mass m0=6.7×10^-31 kg  Rest mass energy E=m0C2  C=3×10^8 m/s

Q: The rest wavelength of the Hα transition of atomic hydrogen is 656.3 nm (recall that 1 nm=10-9 m).…

A:

Q: What is the mass of the lightest vector meson formed by light quarks and antiquarks (u and d)?…

A: We know that the Mesons are formed by the combination of quarks and antiquarks. The types of mesons…

Q: Assume a power law for the scale factor a = Ctn, where C is a constant. (a) For what values of n are…

A: Given data: Scale factor is, a=Ctn. C is a constant.

Q: More than 60 years ago, future Nobel laureate Sheldon Glashow predicted that if an antineutrino —…

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Q: What spin does a gluon have and what is the charge of a down quark?

A:

Q: Must a complex system be adaptive to be of interest in the field of complexity? Give an example to…

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Q: Your uncle is trying to convince you to join his research team at CERN by offering you a summer job…

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Q: Hubble's law can be stated in vector form as v = HR. Outside the local group of galaxies, all…

A:

Q: The density of the universe is   a. equal to the critical density if the universe is closed.   b.…

A: Critical density is the average density of matter required for the universe to just halt it's…

Q: What curvature will the universe have if the matter and energy density of the universe is equal to…

A:

Q: The population P of a bacterial colony increases at a rate proportional to P. If at time t = 0, P =…

A: