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- Volatile Secondary Metabolites in Plant Stress Responses In 2007, researchers Casey Delphia, Mark Mescher, and Consuelo De Moraes (pictured at left) published a study on the production of different volatile chemicals by tobacco plants in response to predation by two types of insects: western flower thrips and tobacco budworms. Their results are shown in FIGURE 30.19. FIGURE 30.19 Volatile (airborne) compounds produced by tobacco plants in response to predation by different insects. Plants were untreated (C), attacked thrips (T), mechanically wounded (W), mechanically wounded and attacked by thrips (WT), attacked by budworms (HIV), or attacked by budworms and thrips (HVT). Values are in nanograms/day. Which treatment elicited the greatest production of volatiles?A waxy cuticle helps land plants ___ . a. oonserve water b. take up carbon dioxide c. reproduce d. stand uprightHumans have the most urgent need for a continuoussupply of ________.a. foodb. nitrogenc. oxygend. water
- During a hurricane, salt water invades fresh wate marshes ausing many of the plants to die and utimately the loss of soil. The plants are killed because the salt-water solution is ____ to the planets drawing water from the plant cells.a). hypertonicb). isotonicc). mestonicd). hypotonicit is not tropospherePlasmodial and cellular _____ are important decomposers that havean amoeboid vegetative state. a. brown algae d. slime moldsb. water molds e. red algaec. filamentous algae
- Rhizobium is important agriculturally because it supplies __________ to plants such as peas and beans. View Available Hint(s) for Part A oxygen sulfur fixed nitrogen carbonChanges in the Air To assess the impact of human activity on the carbon dioxide level in Earths atmosphere, it helps to take a long view. One useful data set comes from deep core samples of Antarctic ice. The oldest ice core that has been fully analyzed dates back a bit more than 400,000 years. Air bubbles trapped in the ice provide information about the gas content in Earths atmosphere at the time the ice formed. Combining ice core data with more recent direct measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxideas in FIGURE 46.13can help scientists put current changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide into historical perspective. FIGURE 46.13 Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (in parts per million). Direct measurements began in 1980. Earlier data are based on ice cores. What was the highest carbon dioxide level between 400,000 B.C. and 0 A.D.?Discovery of Iridium in the KPg Boundary Layer In the late 1970s, geologist Walter Alvarez was investigating the composition of the KPg boundary layer in different parts of the world. He asked his father, Nobel Prizewinning physicist Luis Alvarez, to help him analyze the elemental composition of the layer. The Alvarezes and their colleagues tested the K-Pg boundary layer in Italy and Denmark, and discovered that it contains a much higher iridium content than the surrounding rode layers (FIGURE 16.17). Iridium belongs to a group of elements that are much more abundant in asteroids and other solar system materials than they are in Earths crust. The Alvarez group concluded that the KPg boundary layer must have originated with extraterrestrial material. Sample Depth Average Abundance of Iridium (ppb) +2.7m 0.3 +1.2m 0.3 +0.7m 0.36 boundary layer 41.6 0.5 m 0.25 5.4 m 0.30 FIGURE 16.17 Abundance of iridium in and near the KPg boundary layer. Iridium content of rock samples above, below, and at the KPg boundary layer in Stevns Klint, Denmark. Sample depths are given as meters above or below the layer. ppb, parts per billion. An average Earth rock contains 0.4 ppb iridium; the average meteorite, 550 ppb. The photo shows Luis and Walter Alverez next to the KPg boundary layer in Stevns Klint. What was the iridium content of the KPg boundary layer?
- Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a disorder in which the blood sugar level is not properly controlled. Among other effects, it reduces blood flow to the lower legs and feet. As a result, about 3 million diabetes patients have ulcers (open wounds that do not heal) on their feet. Each year, about 80,000 require amputations. Several companies provide cultured cell products designed to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. FIGURE 31.15 shows the results of a clinical experiment that tested the effect of one such cultured skin product versus standard treatment for diabetic foot wounds. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment group or the control group, and their progress was monitored for 12 weeks. FIGURE 31.15 Treatment of diabetic food ulcers. Results of a multicenter study of the effects of standard treatment versus use of a cultured cell product for diabetic foot ulcers. Bars show the percentage of foot ulcers that had completely healed. What percentage of wounds had healed at 8 weeks when treated the standard way? When treated with cultured skin?Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a disorder in which the blood sugar level is not properly controlled. Among other effects, it reduces blood flow to the lower legs and feet. As a result, about 3 million diabetes patients have ulcers (open wounds that do not heal) on their feet. Each Year, about 80,000 require amputations. Several companies provide cultured cell products designed to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. FIGURE 31.21 shows the results of a clinical experiment that tested the effect of one such cultured skin product versus standard treatment for diabetic foot wounds. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment group or the control group and their progress was monitored for 12 weeks. FIGUR E 31.21 Results of a multicenter study of the affects of standard treatment versus use of a cultured cell product for diabetic foot, ulcers. Bars show the percentage of foot ulcers that had completely heated. 2. What percentage of wounds had healed at 12 weeks when treated the standard way? When treated with cultured skin?Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a disorder in which the blood sugar level is not properly controlled. Among other effects, it reduces blood flow to the lower legs and feet. As a result, about 3 million diabetes patients have ulcers (open wounds that do not heal) on their feet. Each Year, about 80,000 require amputations. Several companies provide cultured cell products designed to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. FIGURE 31.21 shows the results of a clinical experiment that tested the effect of one such cultured skin product versus standard treatment for diabetic foot wounds. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment group or the control group and their progress was monitored for 12 weeks. FIGUR E 31.21 Results of a multicenter study of the affects of standard treatment versus use of a cultured cell product for diabetic foot, ulcers. Bars show the percentage of foot ulcers that had completely heated. 3. How early was the healing difference between the control and treatment groups obvious?