A mitotic spindle is a structure formed in [Select][Select]types of microtubules. [Select]while [Select]located at opposite ends of the cell. Within each of these are 3cells that consists of amitosis. Finally, without [Select]connection between the two spindle poles.microtubules help position each spindle,microtubules help to pull sister chromatids apart duringmicrotubules, there would be no

Microtubules are rigid hollow rods with a diameter of around 25 nm and are the third major component…

A mitotic spindle is a structure formed in [Select] [Select] types of microtubules. [Select] while [Select ] ✓ located at opposite ends of the cell. Within each of these are 3 cells that consists of a mitosis. Finally, without [Select] microtubules help position each spindle, microtubules help to pull sister chromatids apart during microtubules, there would be no

A mitotic spindle is a structure formed in [Select] [Select] types of microtubules. [Select] while [Select ] ✓ located at opposite ends of the cell. Within each of these are 3 cells that consists of a mitosis. Finally, without [Select] microtubules help position each spindle, microtubules help to pull sister chromatids apart during microtubules, there would be no

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter10: Cell Division And Mitosis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: Biologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment,...

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Rather surprisingly, some cellular components that we know best from our study of nuclear protein traffic also appear to be involved in the process of spindle assembly. These include Ran GEF (which, as you may recall, is bound to chromatin – an association that apparently continues even when the nuclear envelope breaks down at the onset of mitosis) and importin-β. Now think back to the process of nuclear protein import. To which form of Ran (Ran-GDP or Ran-GTP) does importin-β bind and what is the significance of that interaction with respect to the efficiency of delivery of import “cargo” to the nucleus? To which form of Ran (Ran-GDP or Ran-GTP) do exportins bind and what is the significance of that interaction with respect to the efficiency of delivery of export “cargo” to the cytoplasm?
During mitosis, the cohesin protein holds the sister chromatids together and is broken down by the ___________ protein. Shugosin protects cohesin from being broken down in the ________________ region until the anaphase stage when the sister chromatids separate. separase; centromere cyclin; centrosome H1 histone; heterochromatic shugoshin; nuclear ribobuclease; cytoplasmic
When chromatids are separated during anaphase, how do we know that the microtubules that they are connected to are not actually shortening to "pull" the chromatids apart?
Explain why we can say that M-phase of the cell-cycle is triggered by a positive feedback loop. a) What would the consequences be if cohesins were working normally but condensins were not? and b) what stage of the cell cycle would this cause problems in? Why is it important for the centrosome to duplicate during G1-G2 (interphase) before M phase? The kinetochores serve as a link between the sister chromatids and the microtubules attached to the mitotic spindle. a) How are microtubules still able to exhibit dynamic instability after they are bound to the sister chromatids and b) why is this important to mitosis? As the name suggests, the Anaphase-promoting-complex (APC), promotes the 4th phase of mitosis by separating the sister chromatids so they can travel to separate poles of the cell, and prevents them from being re-zipped together. Describe how APC does these two things (Hint: one involves M-cyclin and the other involves…
Draw and label G1 and G2 stages of interphase and each stage of mitosis (in order) for a cell that has two large and two small chromosomes, 2n=4. For unreplicated chromosome draw a line ( / ) and for replicated chromosome draw an X. Since we are focusing on the DNA, you can skip drawing the nuclear membrane or spindle fibers. For simplicity, do not indicate that the chromosomes are decondensed chromatin during interphase. Mark and label a place on one of the large chromosomes with the dominant allele of the “A” gene and put the recessive allele “a” on the other homolog. Mark and label a place on one of the small chromosomes with allele “B” and put the recessive allele “b” on the other homolog.
A small amount if cytoplasm isolated from a mitotic cell is injected into an unfertilized frog oocyte, causing the oocyte to enter M phase. A sample of the injected cytoplasm is then taken and injected into a second oocyte, causing this cell also to enter the M phase. this process is repeated many times until essentially, none of the original protein samples remains, and yet, cytoplasm taken from the last in the series on injected oocytes is still able to trigger entry into the M phase with undiminished efficiency. Explain this remarkable observation.
Newly forming astral microtubules associate with dynein motor proteins, with the tail of the dynein bound to the plasma membrane. This association appears to be important in the distribution of astral microtubules to the polar regions (opposite “ends”) during spindle assembly.Now fast forward to the events of anaphase. In which phase of Anaphase (A or B) does the association between astral microtubules and membrane-bound dynein play a role? What is that role? (Your answer should incorporate information on how the directionality of dynein’s movement is involved in the process you describe.)
What is the final result of mitosis in a human A) nearly genetically identical 2n somatic cells B) genetically different 2n somatic cells C) nearly genetically identical 1n somatic cells D) genetically identical 2n gamete cells Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) A single, replicated chromosome with sister chromatids has two centromeres. B) A single, unreplicated chromosome has two DNA molecules. C) Sister chromatids from a single chromosome are connected at the centromere. D) Homologous chromosomes are connected at the centromere. The first gap in the cell cycle (G1) corresponds to _____. A) normal growth and cell function B) the phase in which DNA is being replicated C) the beginning of mitosis D) the phase between DNA replication and the M phase In a diploid cell from a specific species has 5 chromosome pairs, how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis? (Draw it!) A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40 Consider a cell from the species above.…
Beginning with the G1 phase of the cell cycle, describe the levelof compaction of the eukaryotic chromosome. How does thelevel of compaction change as the cell progresses through thecell cycle? Why is it necessary to further compact the chromatinduring mitosis?
What experimental evidence indicates that cyclin B is re-quired for a cell to enter mitosis? What evidence indicates that cyclin B must be destroyed for a cell to exit mitosis?
These types of proteins are responsible for all the following events during cell division: movement of "chromosomes" to poles, sliding of non-kinetochore microtubules pushing the two ends of the cell apart, and also the production of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. They are called _ _ (two words)
In mitosis, what chromatid combination(s) will be present during metaphase? What combination(s) will be present at each pole at the completion of anaphase?