a) Name structures P, Q and R.  b) Name substance S . c) What is the enzyme encoded by gene I. Give its function.

Q: What event is required but not sufficient to cause an infectiousdisease?

A: An infectious disease is caused due to host invasion by biological agents. These biological agents…

Q: Why do critical instruments need to be sterile, whereas semicritical instruments need only be free…

A: Laboratory instrument is defined as a general term used for all kinds and types of instruments,…

Q: What other factors may control the outcome of an infectiousdisease?

A: An infectious disease is the one that is caused by pathogenic microbes. These microbes can be…

Q: What is a vaccine?

A: Vaccines are a part of artificial active immunity. Antigens or a mixture of antigens which are used…

Q: What is pathogenic bacteria?

A: Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that thrive in diverse environmental conditions.…

Q: Give two examples of antibiotics that act on the following: cell wall synthesis disruption of cell…

A: Antibiotics are either natural products of microorganisms or semi-synthetically produced from…

Q: a. If an egg salad sandwich sitting in a warm car for 4 hours develops 40,960bacterial cells, how…

A: If an egg sandwich sits in the car for 5 hours instead of 4, the equation used is   Nf=(Ni )2n…

Q: What was one benefit of the vaccine produced by the command economy?

A: Command economy is also called as a planned economy, where the government controls all the economic…

Q: Describe at least four mechanisms that would allow a bacterium X to compete with its host for iron

A: ANSWER:- Protecting the supply lines- Bacterial competition can often be framed in the context of…

Q: What are some mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria cause diseases? Why is this knowledge…

A: Bacteria are a group of prokaryotic microscopic single celled organisms. They live in diverse…

Q: Why are encapsolated bacteria generally more pathogenic than un-capsolated strains. a. Because…

A: The capsule is a layer of polysaccharide found outside the cell envelope of bacteria.  Capsule gives…

Q: What is leading to the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria? Why should we be concerned?

A: WHAT IS THE MEANING OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE BACTERIA ? Antibiotic are drugs designed to kill…

Q: Why are Archaea resistant to penicillin?

A: Different types of antimicrobial agents are used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Specific…

Q: Why are b- lactam antibiotics only bactericidal to growing bacteria?

A: Beta-lactam antibiotics are the antibiotics that are bactericidal, which means they kill bacteria.…

Q: Draw the following growth curves for E. coli, starting with 100 cells with a generation time of 30…

A: The number of living cells in a bacterial population over time is represented by the bacterial…

Q: why is peptidoglycan synthesis inportant in antibiotic activity? why do antibiotics not interfere…

A: Answer: PEPTIDOGLYCAN : It is a polymer which is made up of sugars and amino acids thats forms the…

Q: n terms of the areas of the human body, how does this discrepancy in area differ in type and number…

A: In human body, bacteria are found in  area such as skin, nose, throat, mouth, vagina, and gut. the…

Q: What Are Heterophile Antigens?

A: Antigens are substances that have the ability to initiate an immune response upon entering a host…

Q: Where do true antibiotics come from in nature?

A: Antibiotics are substances which are able to inhibit or destroy growth of microorganisms. These…

Q: Why do microbiologists use cultured plates with 30 to 300 colonies used for calculations?  2. Why…

A: 1. Microbiologists generally used cultured plates with 30 to 300 Colonies for calculation purposes.…

Q: 1) What is NDM-1? How can NDM-1 spread to different types of bacteria? 2) Why are Gram negative…

A: Antibiotic resistance is provided by beta-lactamase, which breaks the structure of antibiotics. A…

Q: Plaque assay (Bacteriophage Titer) Answer questions 2 & 3 2. Why don't bacteriophages continue…

A: Plaque assay is one of the widely used approaches for determining the quantity of infectious virus…

Q: How could bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

A: Bacteria are usually visible under the microscope only. The organisms included in this category are…

Q: How does the E. coli strain 026:H11 damage its victims?

A: The enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serotype O26 is the second most common enterohaemorrhagic E.…

Q: Why does one microbe cause disease, whereas another,closely related species is completely harmless?

A: There are a variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of bacteria that are related to each…

Q: Which of the letter labeled microbes is exhibiting alpha-hemolysis?

A: The lysis or breakdown of red blood cells is called hemolysis. There are three types of hemolysis…

Q: What is lysogenic conversion?

A: The virus affecting bacteria is a bacteriophage. It comprises the lytic or the lysogenic cycle.

Q: What part or parts of the bacterial cell do antibiotics target? Why?

A: Antibody  Antibody is a biological compounds that bind with foreign objects like bacteria and stop…

Q: Why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant than gram-positive bacteria to the cytoplasmic target…

A: Antibiotics are a type of microbial substances which are active against bacterial cells and it is…

Q: tists have cultured bacteria isolated from within frozen mammoths, which are thousands of years old.…

A: Microbes from thousands of years ago have been cultured from early fossils such as frozen mammoths.…

Q: Why is biofilm development in catheters (tubes that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or…

A: Catheters are thin tubes made of soft plastic material that can be inserted into the body. A urinary…

Q: Why do most antibacterial drugs not destroy human cells?

A: Antibiotic A chemical substance that inhibits the growth of microorganism by altering the…

Q: Why did viruses not fit well with Robert Koch's Postulates for the characterization of pathogenic…

A: Pathogens are disease causing organisism, which when enter the  body uses host body mechanism or…

Q: What is a probiotic? How does it differ from a prebiotic?

A: Nutraceuticals are products that have nutritional value and can be used as medicines. It provides…

Q: Where/ How did the researchers find the bacterium, which they named Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6?…

A: Ideonella sakaiensis is a unique bacterial species that is able to break down plastic and it is…

Q: Because elemental poisons, such as heavy metals, cannot be furtherdegraded even by microbes, what is…

A: Biological degradation is a process that results in the decay of complex substances into simpler…

Q: What is NBES?

A: NBEs stands for new biological entities. It can be defined as biological products that involve…

Q: What is the difference between an endotoxin and an exotoxin?

A: Nearly wherever we look, both within and outside of living things, there are microbes. Toxins…

Q: With some level of toxic shock syndrome caused by the superantigen produced by Staphylococcus…

A: Staphylococcus aureus - It is round shaped, gram positive bacteria, member of Firmicutes, generally…

Q: Can bacteria survive without  a capsule?

A: Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes ubiquitous in nature. As such, they can be found in different…

Q: Describe what three strategies are used to identify microorganisms?

A: Microorganisms: Microorganisms are tiny organisms that are not visible through an unaided eye.…

Q: ive two reasons why E. coli is naturally resistant to antibiotics like Penicillin?

A: Bacterial survival in an adverse situation, in a substrate is given as the ability of bacteria to…

Q: What statement describes the danger of using heavy metals to control microbe growth? Group of answer…

A: Heavy metals kill microbes by binding to proteins, thus inhibiting enzymatic activity.

Q: Can antibiotic kill bacteria?

A: Antibiotics are the drugs that are effective in treating the pathogenic infection. These drugs…

Q: Why are bacteria referred to as pathogens

A:

Q: Would a syringe filter with a pore size of 0.22 micrometers be able to completely remove all…

A: Filtration refers to the sterilization technique that eliminates the microorganism. The fluid that…

Q: ium that causes Hansen’s disease (leprosy), Mycobacterium leprae, infects mostly the extremities of…

A: A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae is refers as leprosy. The pathogen of…

Nutrient Growth Medium

It is a culture medium or nutrient broth for all kinds of microorganisms to grow properly and create their colony. This matrix provides support to increase the population of microbes through the method of cell proliferation. It is regarded as the food material for those organisms. It is a type of in vitro mechanism, in which the development of life is processed outside the host body. It can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid in nature. Different kinds of cells develop in different types of media.