What was one benefit of the vaccine produced by the command economy?

Q: Why aren’t drug companies producing new antibiotics

A: The important advancement in technology in the twentieth century was the invention of many…

Q: What event is required but not sufficient to cause an infectiousdisease?

A: An infectious disease is caused due to host invasion by biological agents. These biological agents…

Q: Who invented penicillin?

A: Penicillin is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common molds known as Penicillum…

Q: Why do critical instruments need to be sterile, whereas semicritical instruments need only be free…

A: Laboratory instrument is defined as a general term used for all kinds and types of instruments,…

Q: Who discovered tobacco mosaic virus?

A: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) belongs to the category of RNA virus species and the associated genus is…

Q: Why was edward Jenner’s discovery of a way to vaccinate for smallpox valuable

A: Smallpox It is a viral born disease caused by variola virus that belong to family of poxvirus…

Q: How did Jenner, Pasteur, von Behring, Kitasato, and Metchnikoff contribute to the development of…

A: Immunology is the study of the immune system, its functions, structures involved in the immune…

Q: Why did it take so long for scientists to figure out that infections are caused by bacteria? What…

A: Bacteria is prokaryotic microorganism.

Q: What do you mean by immunofluorescence

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to antigenic stimulation. They may either bound…

Q: Why are encapsolated bacteria generally more pathogenic than un-capsolated strains. a. Because…

A: The capsule is a layer of polysaccharide found outside the cell envelope of bacteria.  Capsule gives…

Q: How did Anton de Bary prove that a microbe was the cause of the Irish Potato Famine? Why did other…

A: Irish potato famine is a type of infection found on potato which is otherwise called a potato blight…

Q: A virologist needs to remove all bacteria from a solution containing viruses without removing the…

A: Viruses are infectious organisms that are neither considered living or nonliving due to the fact…

Q: Who discovered Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious microorganism made up of a protein-coated segment of nucleic…

Q: How did the theory of biogenesis lead the way for the germ theory of disease?

A: There were lots of theory that explained how life arises . It includes :-  A ) Theory of creation  B…

Q: Will it be possible to eradicate many viral diseases in the same way as smallpox? Why or why not?

A: To explain: Whether it is possible to eradicate many viral diseases in the same way as smallpox

Q: How could bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

A: Bacteria are usually visible under the microscope only. The organisms included in this category are…

Q: What are the components of the yearly influenza vaccine?

A: Influenza vaccines are the vaccines that are produced to provide immunity against infections caused…

Q: Virology:Describe how to make an attenuated virus vaccine by briefly describing each step(1-4) in…

A: Live and attenuated vaccines are  obtained from “wild” viruses or bacteria. By the help of repeated…

Q: why are non-enveloped viruses generally more resistant to disinfectants than are enveloped viruses?

A: Viruses are small microscopic organisms usually containing RNA as a genome that is coverd by a…

Q: Eradication of smallpox was possible and accomplished in 1977 because?

A: Smallpox causative organism:  Variola major and Variola minor.  It is a DNA virus. The virus enters…

Q: Which vaccines were developed by Pasteur?

A: Vaccination refers to an immune response to specific illnesses generated by the administration of…

Q: Does Soap kill virus?

A: Soap is the salt of long-chain fatty acids. They are used for various purposes like cleaning and…

Q: What do I already know about antibiotics?

A: Antimicrobial agents are those agent which inhibit the growth or kilss the microorganisms such as…

Q: Explain how the capsule can protect the bacteria from antibiotics and the immune system.

A: A huge structure found in many bacteria is the bacterial capsule. It's a polysaccharide layer that…

Q: Some antibiotics fail to kill/inhibit a pathogen simply because the microbe is naturally…

A: Some antibiotics fails to kill or inhibit a pathogen simply because the microbe is naturally…

Q: What would be the best type of vaccine for cholera?

A: The vaccine constitutes killed whole-cell V. cholerae O1 in coordination with a recombinant…

Q: What is the lowest value for proportion to vaccinate that protects the entire population from a…

A: The percentage of people who need to be immune in order to achieve herd immunity varies with each…

Q: The bacteria which produce pyocyanin is---

A: pyocyanin is a blue colored, secondary metabolites which is secrested by gram- nagative bacterium.…

Q: What is the H flu virus?

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Q: he Recombinant Factor C endotoxin test uses blood from horseshoe crabs.  true or false?

A: Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides that are associated with the plasma membrane of gram-negative…

Q: how a scientist could use an electron microscope to identify a virus?

A: Answer: Introduction: Microscope is an optical instrument to study microscopic organisms such as…

Q: Write an insight narrative about the machines used under Immunology & Histopathology section of the…

A: The section of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology gives qualitative and quantitative analysis…

Q: Did an HIV-positive dentist spread the AIDS virus to his patients?

A: Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are Lentivirus species that invade the human body and target…

Q: Why did viruses not fit well with Robert Koch's Postulates for the characterization of pathogenic…

A: Pathogens are disease causing organisism, which when enter the  body uses host body mechanism or…

Q: Look at these two plates. Which organism is most susceptible to antibiotics?

A: Q. Look at these two plates. Which organism is most susceptible to antibiotics?

Q: What was the Germ Theory of Disease?

A: Question - What was the Germ Theory of Disease?

Q: Are there any natural disinfectants, sanitizers that we can use in our household to prevent…

A: Disinfectant are those chemical agents which helps in inactivation or destruction of microorganisms…

Q: What were Koch’s postulates?

A: Robert Koch was a German physician who considered the father of Medical microbiology. He is a Noble…

Q: ive two reasons why E. coli is naturally resistant to antibiotics like Penicillin?

A: Bacterial survival in an adverse situation, in a substrate is given as the ability of bacteria to…

Q: In the hospital setting, how effective is handwashing compared to hand sanitizer at controlling the…

A: Hands are the important vector in the transmission of the COVID-19 virus because the virus can…

Q: Why was it so difficult to produce large quantities of the polio virus?

A: Polio virus causes poliomyelitis which causes infantile paralysis. Poliomyelitis can be fatal or…

Q: What were the major microbiological interests ofMartinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky?

A: Martinus Willem Beijerinck was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders of…

Q: how did the current state of antibiotic research make you feel? Are you confident that we can…

A: 1.It’s not about creating a new antibiotics and replacing the existing one.It’s a really a complex…

Q: Which vaccine was being tested on mice?

A: Mice are used as a model organism in the research. It is because of the fact that they are…

Q: What are the potential benefits and disadvantages of using bacteriophages in place of antibiotics?…

A: Compared to antibiotics, only a single phage is required to kill a single bacterium and so fewer…

Q: What is antibiotic resistance? Use your own words to explain

A: Antibiotics are a class of drugs that prevent or kill the growth of bacteria. Their mode of action…

Q: What is influenza A

A: Influenza is flu that is a contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system of the…

Q: What factors inherent in the variola virus and the disease smallpox made it possible to eradicate…

A: Introduction: Smallpox was the first infectious disease to be eradicated from the world. Its…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.