A phylogeny of 5 species of birds is shown below with values for three different phenotypic traits for each species shown in the rows above (e.g., species A has a wide, long beak and red tail, while species C has a narrow, very long beak and a green tail). DNA sequencing of tissue samples found buried in a freezer confirms that an extremely rare and reclusive species (D) is a sister species of E, but preserved samples of entire individuals of species D have been lost, the original collector of the samples has passed away, and no individuals of species D have subsequently been seen in the wild. In other words, we have no idea what species D looks like. Employing the principle of parsimony, which of the following conclusions is MOST appropriate for the likely values of these traits in species D? Beak width: wide wide ?? narrow narrow Beak length: long long ?? long very long Tail colour: red blue ?? green green A a) wide beak, very long beak, green tail b) narrow beak, long beak, all three colours equally parsimonious c) wide beak, long beak, red tail d) wide beak, very long beak, blue tail e) wide beak, long beak, all three tail colours equally parsimonious

A phylogeny of 5 species of birds is shown below with values for three different phenotypic traits for each species shown in the rows above (e.g., species A has a wide, long beak and red tail, while species C has a narrow, very long beak and a green tail). DNA sequencing of tissue samples found buried in a freezer confirms that an extremely rare and reclusive species (D) is a sister species of E, but preserved samples of entire individuals of species D have been lost, the original collector of the samples has passed away, and no individuals of species D have subsequently been seen in the wild. In other words, we have no idea what species D looks like. Employing the principle of parsimony, which of the following conclusions is MOST appropriate for the likely values of these traits in species D? Beak width: wide wide ?? narrow narrow Beak length: long long ?? long very long Tail colour: red blue ?? green green A a) wide beak, very long beak, green tail b) narrow beak, long beak, all three colours equally parsimonious c) wide beak, long beak, red tail d) wide beak, very long beak, blue tail e) wide beak, long beak, all three tail colours equally parsimonious

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates And Their Closest Relatives

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA...

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With improving technology, acquiring DNAsequences from different organisms becomeseasier each year. With that in mind, some authors(e.g., Scotland et al. 2003, Systematic Biology52 [4]: 539–548) have suggested that the use ofmorphological data is less important than DNAsequence data and have called for less emphasison the use of comparative morphology in building phylogenies. Other authors maintain thatdespite the explosion of molecular data available, morphology still has an important role inphylogenetics (for examples, see Wiens 2004,Systematic Biology 53 [4]: 653–661 and Will andRubinoff 2004, Cladistics 20 [1]: 47–55). Whatare the reasons for and against using morphological data in phylogenetic reconstruction?When might morphological data be especiallyimportant?
Traditionally morphological features are used to construct phylogenic trees of related species. In recent years, molecular sequences of nucleic acids or proteins, called the "molecular clock” by some researchers, have been used to reveal phylogenic relations. This diagram shows phylogenic trees of selected groups of mammals. The tree A is based on morphological features, whilst the tree B is based on molecular data. What statement about the differences of the two phylogenic trees is accurate? A. The common ancestors of Carnivora/Rodentia and Chiroptera/Primates are the same for tree A; they are different for tree B. B. The common ancestors of Carnivora/Rodentia and Chiroptera/Primates are the same for tree A; they are the same for tree B. C. The common ancestors of Carnivora/Rodentia and Chiroptera/Primates are different for tree A; they are different for tree B. D. The common ancestors of Carnivora/Rodentia and Chiroptera/Primates are different for tree A; they are the same for…
The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.
The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
(top or bottom) Species A, B, C, D, and, E are all extant species (living today; not to be confused with “extinct” species). Consider the common ancestor shared between humans and species A (ancestor A-H), the common ancestor between species B and humans (ancestor B-H), etc. Which of thetwo trees below best represents the phylogenetic relationship between species shown in the nucleotide divergence plot above (top tree or bottom tree)?
Suppose a new monkey species, Species A, has just been discovered. You are a primatologist, and you are trying to determine its phylogenetic position. You are sure its closest relatives are Species B and Species C, but you want to know which one it is more closely related to or if it is equally closely related to both. You are using Species D, a more distant relative, as the outgroup. You have come up with a list of ten characters you think will be useful in resolving this phylogeny, and you have determined the character state of each species for each character. The character states are: (in image below) Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible phylogenies for species A, B, and C and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. HINT: First, review the carnivorans problem in Section 4.3 of the Zimmer and Emlen textbook. To solve the above problem, assume the outgroup has the ancestral character state for each…
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Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. (Draw a simple tree to help you think about the problem) Use the genetic data to estimate that date (most recent common ancestor). HINT = use Eqn 7.1, several times- first to estimate mutation rate. Then to estimate the unknown time since divergence
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. (Draw a simple tree to help you think about the problem) Use the genetic data to estimate that date (most recent common ancestor). What assumptions are you making to get this estimate?