A polymer P, consisting of two monodisperse fractions; fraction A with molecular weight of 1,000 g/mole and fraction B with a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mole. The batch contains an equa
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weight of 1,000 g/mole and fraction B with a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mole. The batch contains an equal number of each fraction. Calculate the number average and the weight average molecular weight of the polymer. Describe the most important methods for preparing synthetic membranes. Which criterion is often used to choose the preparation method?
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- Outline methods for the production of vinyl polymers using bulk methods. Vinyl polymers are polymers made from vinyl monomers, that is, small molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds. ... When polymerized, the ethylene molecules are joined along the axes of their double bonds, to form a long chain of many thousands of carbon atoms containing only single bond between atoms.On a paper, draw a schematic diagram on the Extraction of Saponins from Gugo by Lead Method using the procedures stated below. Procedures (Stas-Otto Method): Extraction of Saponins from the Gugo Bark by Lead Method Extract saponins from gugo by boiling about 10g of small pieces of gugo bark in water. (If necessary, extract first with ether or petroleum ether). Filter and add a neutral lead acetate solution to the aqueous solution; acid saponins, if present, are precipitated as lead salts. To the filtrate (including the washings, concentrated by evaporation), add basic lead acetate to precipitate neutral saponins. Wash the lead precipitate and suspend in water. Decompose by passing H2S Filter PbS and absorbed impurities. Concentrate the filtrate and finally allow to evaporate to dryness or in vacuum over H2SO4. Purify the saponins by CHCl3 and precipitate with ether. Weigh the residue and compute the percentage yield.Describe and explain the effect(s) on your result for the following possible experimental errors. In each case, specify the component(s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low and explain your rationale why these would be changed. (a) After adding DCM to the counterfeit pharmaceutical at the beginning, you didn’t stir or shake the mixture before filtering. (b) Washing the sucrose recovered during the first vacuum filtration with water rather than DCM. (c) During the NaHCO3 extraction, you failed to mix the organic and aqueous layers thoroughly. - B (d) You mistakenly extracted the DCM solution with 5% HCl rather than 5% NaHCO3. (e) You neutralised the NaHCO3 solution to pH7 rather than pH2.
- Q5. Give one condition for the denaturation step employed in blotting Q6. Give the main two compounds responsible for the formation of the gels Q7. The addition of which two reagents are also necessary to initiate the polymerization (gel formation)With reference to the polymerisation mechanisms explain why the polydispersities of the two samples are so different.Suppose you have an organic sample X that is somewhat soluble in water, even though it issomewhat more soluble in dichloromethane or ether solvents. But if you do a singleextraction, you get only 60% of your material to transfer from the water to the organic layer.How many “washes” would it take to extract over 90% of your organic material extracted fromthe water layer?
- Outline methods for the production of vinyl polymers using bulk methods. Bulk polymerization or mass polymerization is a facile and environmentally friendly method for formation of polymer nanocomposites due to the low viscosity of monomers. It is carried out by adding a soluble radical initiator to pure monomer in liquid state. The initiator should dissolve in the monomer. The reaction is initiated by heating or exposing to radiation.Mass of maleic anhydride used: 5.1296 gram Volume of furan used: 3.25 ml Volume of THF used: approx. 16ml The reaction mixture was allowed to stand undisturbed for one week, whereupon, gem-like, colorless to white, prismatic crystals were isolated from the solvent matrix and allowed to air dry. When dry, the mass of the crystals was determined to be: 4.6732 gram. One small crystal was selected and ground to a fine powder for melting point measurement. The powder was observed to melt at 117 – 118 deg C. About 1ml of a saturated solution of product dissolved in DMSO-d6 was prepared and placed in an NMR tube. Subsequently, proton, carbon-13 and DEPT NMR spectra were acquired. Analysis Write the reaction using structural formulas. Calculate percent yield (show work) What does the measured melting point suggest?8. When an equilibrium step-growth polymerization is 99% complete, what fraction of the reaction mixture is still monomer (a) on mole basis and (b) on weight basis ?
- 9.A linear polyester was synthesized from a mixture of diacid and glycol with carboxyl to hydroxyl ratio greater than unity. A sample of the polyester (3.5 g) requires titration with 23 mL of N/50 KOH to reach a phenolphthalein end point. By vapor-pressure osmometry the molecular weight of the polymer was determined to be 12,000. Calculate the average carboxyl functionality of the polymer (that is, average number of carboxyl groups per polymer molecule).A solution (1 dm3) of styrene (H2C=CHPh, 1 mol dm–3) in tetrahydrofuran was polymerised by addition of 5 cm3 of a 0.1 mol dm–3solution of n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran with rigorous exclusion of air and water at room temperature. Calculate the expected number average relative molar mass (Mn) of the final polymer at complete monomer conversion. Type your answer as a dimensionless number (no units), in normal (not scientific) notation, with no spaces but WITH comma separators for thousands.Using a spectrophotometric technique, the phosphorus content in a mineral will be prolonged. The procedure used is described below: 8.35 g of sample are dissolved and treated so that all phosphorus is converted to the blue orthophosphate complex and made up to volume with distilled water end of 100 ml. The transmission of the resulting solution is 30.6%. If the orthophosphate standard solution of sodium, which is treated in the same way, and which has a final concentration of 2.467x10-4 M, gave a transmittance of 20.5%, calculate the phosphorus content in the driven sample in ppm Na3PO4.