A rectangular beam 250 mm wide, 500 mm deep is reinforced at the bottom with 4-20-mm-diameter bars and at the top with 2-16-mm bars.  Concrete cover to bar centroid at the top is 80 mm and at the bottom is 70 mm.  Use concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 280 MPa for 20-mm bars and fy = 230 MPa for 16-mm bars.    Determine the maximum steel ratio if the beam is singly reinforced in positive bending with the given material strengths and the tensile strain is limited to 0.004 upon crushing of concrete.  Write the answer in 5 decimal places only.

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Design criteria for structural loading

The different loads such as loads due to self-weight (dead load) and external loads such as live load, wind loads, seismic load, snow load, and other loads and load combinations that influence the design of a building are called structural loading. The nature of the applied load differs from changes in the location, design, and type of materials used. The design criteria require that structures must be designed and constructed to be able to withstand all load types that are expected to act upon the structure and render its usage for the designated purpose. The structural members such as beams, slabs, columns, and foundations help the structure to withstand the applied load. There are different institutes such as ASCE and ACI that provide building design codes to assure minimum safety requirements and quality of the structures.