a.) Arthur’s demand to reduce electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) is P = 20 – 2 Q, while Ronald’s demand is P = 15 – 3 Q. If the marginal cost of reducing emissions is equal to $15 and is constant, what is the optimal amount of EMF reduction? b.) What Lindahl prices would you charge Arthur and Ronald? What might prevent you from collecting these prices? c.) How would your answers change if the marginal cost of reducing emissions was equal to $10 and is constant?
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Example: Question 4
a.) Arthur’s
Ronald’s demand is P = 15 – 3 Q. If the marginal cost of reducing emissions is equal to
$15 and is constant, what is the optimal amount of EMF reduction?
b.) What Lindahl
collecting these prices?
c.) How would your answers change if the marginal cost of reducing emissions was equal to
$10 and is constant?
d.) What are the
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps
- Following are the marginal abatement costs of three firms . Suppose each firm is currently emitting 10 tons / week , so the total emissions are 30 tons / week . Suppose we wish to reduce total emissions by 50 % , to 15 tons per week . The following table provides marginal abatement costs for each firm . a ) What is the total cost if each firm cuts total emission by 50 % from their current levels . b ) What is the total cost if the total emissions decrease by 50 % ( to 15 tons per week ) that meets the equi - marginal principle . c ) From the society's point , which method of reducing ( a or b above ) emissions is better ? Provide a reason .Suppose that a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is MAC = 16 - 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, then its marginal abatement cost function will become MAC = 8 - E. If the government raises the emissions tax from $2 to $3, then the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $____. (Hint: recall that the benefits from adopting new technologies are simply the difference in total compliance costs.) Please round your final answer to two decimal places if necessary. Answer is NOT 2. All information is providedSuppose that a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is MAC = 16 - 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, then its marginal abatement cost function will become MAC = 8 - E. If the government raises the emissions tax from $2 to $3, then the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $____. (Hint: recall that the benefits from adopting new technologies are simply the difference in total compliance costs.) Please round your final answer to two decimal places if necessary. Answer is not 2
- Two identical firms save money from polluting. A firm’s marginal savings from emitting an amount e are given by 10 − 2e. The two firms differ in their impact on ambient pollution concentrations. Two units of emissions from firm 1 result in one unit of ambient pollution, while one unit of emissions from firm 2 results in one unit of ambient pollution. a) Initially the policy-maker decides to institute a standard cap and trade program instead of regulating ambient pollution. If each firm is initially given three emission permits, how many permits will each firm end up with and what will be the price? b) The policy-maker realizes the differences between the firms and de- cides to institute ambient pollution permit trading. What are the transfer coefficients for each of the firms? If instead each firm is given two ambient pollution permits and trading takes place, how much will each firm end up emitting, and what will be the price?Marginal Abatement Costs: The marginal abatement costs of three firms are provided in the table below on page 109. Each firm is emitting now 10 tons/week. Therefore, the total emission of all firms is 30 tons/week. Suppose that society wants to reduce the level of emission by 50%, to 15 tons/week. Calculate the total cost of reducing the level of emission to 15 tons/week Assuming equiproportionate decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100 Assuming equimarginal decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100A polluting firm’s marginal abatement cost is MACi = 50 – 0.25ei . If a regulator imposes a per-unit emissions tax of t = 10, what level of emissions does the firm choose under the tax? A polluting firm’s marginal abatement cost is MACi = 50 – 0.25ei . If a regulator imposes a per-unit emissions tax of t = 10, how many units did the firm abate relative to the unregulated environment?
- Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion Suppose there are two industries with MAC functions as follows: MACA = 240-3EA and MACB=160-2EB And suppose the local government wished to reduce the total industry emissions by 50% (from the uncontrolled level) by implementing a uniform standard. How much emission would be reduced and what would be the total abatement costs for each industry under this uniform standard?Provide a reason why the marginal damages from some emissions may be increasing with the level of emissions (like in the figure above). Suppose the unregulated level of emissions is E3. What area(s) represent the total damages from unregulated emissions? Suppose emissions levels drop from E3 to E1. What area(s) represent the total benefits from the emissions reduction from E3 to E1? What point denotes the marginal damage from emissions at E2?Consider two polluting firms with the following marginal savings functions; MS1 = 20 - e1 for firm 1 MS2 = 40 – 0.5e2 for firm 2 Where e1 and e2 are emission levels for firm 1 and 2, respectively. A. Sketch the MS functions on a diagram. B. Derive the total MS function. Draw it on your diagram above. C. The regulator would like to reduce the level of total emissions by 60% from their unregulated level. What is the total reduction in emissions needed? i. If the regulator decides emissions be cut using equiproportionate reduction, how much is each firm required to reduce? Explain whether this would be a cost-effective way to reduce emissions? ii. If instead the regulator decides to use an emission fee, what level should the fee be set to achieve the desired level of emissions? How much would each firm emit? Illustrate your answer on the diagram above. iii. In (ii) above, do the firms emit different amounts in the presence of the emission fee? Does it make sense that they should…
- Use the following information to answer Questions 14 – 18. Consider an industry of 2 firms with the following marginal abatement cost functions: MAC1 = 300 – 30e1 MAC2 = 500 – 20e2 [14] What is the aggregate level of emissions without regulation? [15] How much should a regulator allow each firm to emit to limit aggregate emissions to 20 tons cost-effectively? Firm 1 _____ Firm 2 ________ [16] What tax should the regulator set to achieve an aggregate emissions level of 20? [17] Calculate the total abatement cost for both firms of reaching the aggregate emissions level of 20 tons via the tax? Don’t include the tax payments. Firm 1’s Total Abatement Cost _______________ Firm 2’s Total Abatement Cost _______________ [18] Suppose you want to limit aggregate emissions to 20 tons with a competitive tradeable emissions permit system. If Firm 1 is given 5 permits and Firm 2 is given 15 permits, after trading how many permits will each firm end up with? Firm 1 _________ Firm 2 __________Attached is the marginal abatement costs of three firms, related to the quantity of emissions. Each firm is now emitting 10 tons per week, so total emissions are 30 tons per week. Suppose we wish to reduce emissions by 50 percent, to 15 tons per week. Compare the total cost of doing this: (a) with an equi-proportionate decrease in emissions (b) with a decrease that meets the equi-marginal principle.In a cap-and-trade program that covers only two firms, suppose Firm A has linear marginal abatement costs that are twice as high as Firm B’s linear marginal abatement costs. Permits are handed out so that both firms need to reduce their emissions to meet their cap. With the initial allocation of permits, Firm A and Firm B are each required to do half of the total required abatement. Given this starting point: a.) Neither firm will be seeking to buy permits, because the initial allocation happens to be the least-cost allocation of abatement responsibility. b.) Firm A will be seeking to buy permits and Firm B will be willing to sell some. c.) Firm B will be seeking to buy permits and Firm A will be willing to sell some. d.)Both firms will be seeking to sell permits.