Ophthalmology, GeneticsAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease among the elderly that can lead to partial or total loss of vision. It is well known that smoking and excessive weight tend to be associated with higher incidence rates of AMD. More recently, however, several genes have been found tobe associated with AMD as well. One gene that has been considered is the Y402H gene (RS 1061170). There are three genotypes for the Y402H gene-TT, TC, and CC. Suppose the relationship between AMD and the Y402H genotype is as follows.Association between Y402H genotype andprevalence of AMD in a high-riskpopulationY402HTT (wild type)TCCCTotalUSE SALTAMD = yes39118120277AMD = no3785282761,182(a) What is the relative risk for AMD for the CC genotype compared with the TT genotype? (Round your answer to two decimal places.)(b) One issue is whether the Y402H gene is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). For a gene to be in HWE, its two alleles must assort independently. Under HWE, what is the expected frequency (in percent) of the TC genotype among the 1,182 subjects in the AMD = no group? (Use a normalapproximation if appropriate. Round your answer to two decimal places.)%(c) Are the data consistent with HWE? Specifically, is the number of heterozygotes (TC) significantly lower than expected under HWE? (Use a normal approximation if appropriate. Round your answer to four decimal places.)If we assume HWE holds✔ for the Y402H gene, the probability of observing as many or fewer TC individuals without AMD as we do in our sample isunder HWE.. This probability indicates the number of heterozygotes in our sample is✔ much lower than expected

The relationship between AMD and the Y402H genotype is as follows: Y402H AMD=yes AMD=no…

Answered: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)…

Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition 2012

1st Edition

ISBN:9780547587776

Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL

Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL

Chapter11: Data Analysis And Probability

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8CR

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Kuru is a prion disease of the Fore people of highland New Guinea. It was once transmitted by the consumption of deceased relatives at mortuary feasts, a ritual that was ended by about 1960. Using archived tissue samples, Mead et al. (2009) investigated genetic variants that might confer resistance to kuru. The data in the accompanying table are genotypes at codon 129 of the prion protein gene of young and elderly individuals all having the disease. Since the elderly individuals have survived long exposure to kuru, unusually common genotypes in this group might indicate resistant genotypes. b) Test whether genotype frequencies differ between the two age groups. Provide your answer below. (Your answer should include 1) null and alternative hypothesis, 2) degrees of freedom, 3) calculated chi-square value, 4) critical chi-square value (alpha=0.05) and 5) final biological conclusion)
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Suppose that in a study of 35 million HPV shots examined, the shots were followed in time by 14,000 serious ailments and 32 confirmed deaths. However, suppose in examining a randomly selected control group of 35 million non-vaccinated people of the same age at a particular time A, 0.0413% developed a serious ailment soon after time A, and 0.000089% died soon after time A. What does the comparison of two groups tell us? What are the percentages in the vaccinated group (serious ailments and confirmed deaths), and how to they compare to the nonvaccinated group? Hint: compute the percentages for serious ailments (14,000/35,000,000) and confirmed deaths (32/35,000,000) for the vaccinated group. Compare with the control group. Notice % above. (0,0413% and 0.000089%) Answer here. What can we conclude with high probability, if this comparison between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups was done many times with the same basic results? Answer here. Can we absolutely rule out that the…

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