Alice has used Bob's public key (n=93542543, e =9341) to produce a ciphertext C = 72645824 using RSA encryption algorithm. Charlie has intercepted C and now wants to find out Alice's secret message (M). Which of the following statements contains correct parameters?
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- B has just received the following message, which represents a cryptographic data object:{({(KPbB)KPrS mod KPbS}K1,{|(NB, NA, {{({K2}KPbB, NS)}(G1)KPrA mod NA}K1, {|{({G3}(KPbA)KPrS mod KPbS, G2)}K1|}KPrB)|}KPrA)}KBSThe following explains various terms in this object and some of the abbreviations used:• {M}K represents the encryption of some message/data M using the key K• {|M|}K represents the digital signing of some message/data M using the key K• NX represents a nonce (i.e. a fresh and possibly random number used once only) generated by X• KpbX represents the public part of the key pair presumably owned by X• KprX represents the private part of the key pair presumably owned by X• KAB represents a symmetric key shared between A and B• K (or K1, K2, K3 etc.) represents some arbitrary key with no assumptions about its scope• M represents some alphanumeric/textual message with no assumptions• G1, G2, G3 etc. are prime numberswhich of the following sets of keys, nonces, numbers, and…In the Diffie-Hellman Protocol, each participant selects a secret number x and sends the other participant αx mod q for some public number α. What would happen if the participants sent each other αx for some public number αinstead? Give at least one method Alice and Bob could use for agreeing on a key. Can Eve break your system without finding the secret numbers? Can Eve find the secret numbers? In TLS, why is there a separate Change Cipher Spec Protocol, rather than including a change_cipher_spec message in the Handshake Protocol?We consider ElGamal cryptosystem with public prime p = 53 and generator g = 2. Let h = 16 be Bob’s public-key (his private key x is unknown, h = g^x ). Alice encrypted message m with Bob’s public key and sent the corresponding ciphertext to Bob: (C1 ,C2 ) = (15, 50). You intercepted this ciphertext. Can you break the encryption and recover the original message m? Hint: Both g and h are very small numbers, can you deduce private key x?
- Alice and Bod have decided to use a symmetric encryption algorithm. They have someassumptions about their messages:- Messages only contain capital letters (i.e. A to Z)- The length of their shared key must be greater than or equal to the length of the plaintext- They assign each letter a number as follows: (A,0), (B,1), (C,2), (D,3),…, (Z,25)Their algorithm combines the key and the message using modular addition. The numerical valuesof corresponding message and key letters are added together, modulo 26. For example, if the plaintext is “HELLO” and the key is “SECRET” then the encrypted message is calculated as following:Since the length of the plaintext is 5, we just need the first 5 letters of the key (i.e. “SECRE”), thenfor each letter, we should add corresponding letters in both the plaintext and the key modulo 26.Plaintext: H (7) E (4) L (11) L (11) O (14)Key: S (18) E (4) C (2) R (17) E(4)Cipher: Z (25) I (8) N(13) C(2) S (18) a) Write a program in Python, C/C++ or JavaScript to…Let Π = (Gen,Enc,Dec) be a private-key encryption scheme that has indistinguishable en- cryptions in the presence of an eavesdropper. Which of the following encryption schemes are also necessarily secure against an eavesdropper? If you think a scheme is secure, sketch a proof, if not, provide a counterexample. Here, for a bit string s, parity(s) is 1 if the number of 1’s in s is odd, and 0 otherwise. The || symbol stands for concatenation. So, for strings if x = 00 and y = 11, x||y = 0011. (a) Enc1k(m) = 0||Enck(m)(b) Enc2k(m) = Enck(m)||parity(m) (c) Enc3k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m)(d) Enc4k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m + 1). Here think of m as an integer. Please type answer note write by hend.Alice and Bod have decided to use a symmetric encryption algorithm. They have some assumptions about their messages:- Messages only contain capital letters (i.e. A to Z)- The length of their shared key must be greater than or equal to the length of the plaintext- They assign each letter a number as follows: (A,0), (B,1), (C,2), (D,3),…, (Z,25)Their algorithm combines the key and the message using modular addition. The numerical values of corresponding message and key letters are added together, modulo 26. For example, if the plain text is “HELLO” and the key is “SECRET” then the encrypted message is calculated as following:Since the length of the plaintext is 5, we just need the first 5 letters of the key (i.e. “SECRE”), then for each letter, we should add corresponding letters in both the plaintext and the key modulo 26.Plaintext: H (7) E (4) L (11) L (11) O (14)Key: S (18) E (4) C (2) R (17) E(4)Cipher: Z (25) I (8) N(13) C(2) S (18) Write a program in Python, C/C++ or JavaScript to…
- The following parameters are chosen to generate the public and private keys for the RSA cryptosystem. p = 7q = 11e = 13d = 37 If the plaintext is m = 4, then what is the ciphertext c? c =The notation from this problem is from Understanding Cryptography by Paar and Pelzl. We conduct a known-plaintext attack against an LFSR. Through trial and error we have determined that the number of states is m=4m=4.The plaintext given by 01001011=x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x701001011=x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 when encrypted by the LFSR produced the ciphertext 11010110=y0y1y2y3y3y5y6y711010110=y0y1y2y3y3y5y6y7. What are the tap bits of the LFSR? Please enter your answer as unspaced binary digits (e.g. 0101 to represent p3=0,p2=1,p1=0,p0=1p3=0,p2=1,p1=0,p0=1).Problem #1Given below is a well-known cryptosystem called affine Caesar cipher, as well as someciphertext generated using the affine Caesar cipher.P = C = Z 26 = {0, 1, 2, ..., 25};K = {(a, b) Z26 Z26 | gcd(a, 26) = 1}y = E([a,b], x) = (ax + b) mod 26,x = D([a,b], y) = a-1 (y – b) mod 26,where x P, y C. Ciphertext sample:VPWOMFUWOFMYMHUNWBBWGCRVVPSFVPUTHUJWMCOMFUOVSVWOVWGSRSFSREOWOQMHKOBMHVPWOUFGHETVWMFOEOVUYVMMZCVGSFEMCCOUEMCHKFMQRUNIUMBRWFUSHSRIUZHSVMBWFNVPUOUGHUVKUEVMMVPUFEMCQWRRPSJUVHCREGHSGKUNVPUOEOVUY For this problem, please do the following:(a) provide an analysis detailing its strength/weakness;(b) attempt to uncover the plaintext associated with the ciphertext;(c) attempt to determine the secret key (a, b) used.
- Alice sets up an RSA public/private key, but instead of using two primes, she chooses three primes p, q, and r and she uses n=pqr as her RSA-style modulus. She chooses an encryption exponent e and calculates a decryption exponent d. Encryption and Decryption are defined: C ≡ me mod n and m ≡ Cd mod n where C is the ciphertext corresponding to the message m. Decryption: de ≡ 1 mod φ(n) | Let p = 5, q = 7, r = 3, e = 11, and the decryption exponent d = -13. n = 105 & φ(n) = 48 Q: Alice upgrades to three primes that are each 200 digits long. How many digits does n have?1.Give the decryption of the following messages that have been encrypted with the key 4551. You should get readable messages. a. RTYAWJHVVJ b. WYFUMXYJGX c. VTRFS_NMPJEJPQNOSNX 2.Say you obtain a ciphertext of an English sentence encrypted with an unknown key using the same four-digit shift scheme as problems 8 and 9. For a brute-force attack, what is the maximum number of keys would you have to test?Please answer both questions, exactly with explanation: # A password generator creates a 10-character case-sensitive alphanumeric (a-zA-Z0-9) password keyed by pseudo-random number generator that has deterministic output based on a 32-bit seed (e.g., a 32-bit integer) provided by the user. How many passwords are possible? If it takes .0001 seconds to check a password, what will the average length of time be for a successful brute force attack?