Apply incremental B/C analysis at an interest rate of 8% per year to determine which alternative should be selected. Use a 20-year study period, and assume the damage costs might occur in year 6 of the study period. Alternative A Alternative B Initial cost, S 600,000 800,000 Annual M&O 50,000 70,000 costs, S/year Potential damage 950,000 250,000 costs. S
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- The marginal damage cost equation for carbon monoxide (CO) in urban areas is: MDCU = 36E; The marginal damage cost equation for CO in rural areas is: MDCR = 6E.The marginal abatement cost equation for CO is: MAC = 400 - 4E What is the total compliance cost under this scheme?Q4 (i) State the salient features of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997.A city government is considering two types of town-clump sanitary systems. Design A requires an initial outlay of $400.000 with annual operating and maintenance costs of $50.000 for the next 15 years: design B calls for an investment of $300.000 with annual operating and maintenance coSIS of $80,000 per year for the next 15 years. Fee collections from the residents would be $85.000 per year. The interest rate is 8%. and no salvage value is associated with either system.(a) By the benefit-cost ratio (BC(i)), which system should be selected?(b) If a new design (design C). which requires an initial outlay of $350,000 and annual operating and maintenance costs of $65,000, is proposed, would your answer to (a) change?
- A PAM partner company won a tender to provide clean water distribution facilities in an area that is being developed as a tourist area. There are 2 alternatives that can be taken in implementing the project. The first alternative requires construction and installation costs of IDR 10 million per kilometer with maintenance costs of IDR 0.35 million per kilometer per year. The remaining value is estimated at IDR 1 million per kilometer at the end of the 20th year. The second alternative requires construction and installation costs of IDR 7 million per kilometer with maintenance costs of IDR 0.40 million per kilometer per year. The remaining value is estimated at IDR 1.2 million per kilometer at the end of the 20th year. If the company chooses the first alternative, the length of the pipe that must be installed is 10 kilometers, and if the second alternative the length of the cable is 16 kilometers. Determine which alternative is more efficient using MARR = 11%!When comparing different-life alternatives by the B/C method, the alternatives should be compared over:Calculate the B/C ratio for the following cash flow estimates at a discount rate of 10% per year. Is the project justified? Item Estimate PW of benefits, $ 3,800,000 AW of disbenefits, $/year 45,000 First cost, $ 1,200,000 M&O costs, $/year 300,000 Life, years 20
- The California Forest Service is considering two locations for a new state park. Location Ewould require an investment of $3 million and $50,000 per year in maintenance. Location Wwould cost $7 million to construct, but the Forest Service would receive an additional $25,000per year in park use fees. The operating cost of location W will be $65,000 per year. The revenueto park concessionaires will be $500,000 per year at location E and $700,000 per year at locationW. The disbenefits associated with each location are $30,000 per year for location E and $40,000per year for location W. Use(a) The B/C method, and(b) The modified B/C method to determine which location, if either, should be selected, using aninterest rate of 12% per year. Assume that the park will be maintained indefinitely.Aquatic invasive species are a threat to the ADK region as they have the potential to negatively impact the aquatic ecosystems of Adirondack lakes. These species include plants which choke up beach fronts, mussels that eliminate phytoplankton on which native ecosystems depend, and fish with no native predators that take over ecosystems. As part of a cost-benefit analysis, you have been asked to estimate the damages from these invasive species. Describe, specifically, how you would use at least TWO different non-market valuation techniques to estimate the damages from invasive species in the Adirondacks.If the capital budget limit is $120,000, the MARR is 10% per year, and all projects have a 10-year life, rank and select from the independent projects using the (a) PI measure, (b) IROR measure, and (c) PW at the MARR. (d) Are different projects selected using the three methods? First Net Income, IROR, PW at Project Cost, $ $ per Year % 10%, $ A −18,000 4,000 18.0 6,578 B −15,000 2,800 13.3 2,205 C −35,000 12,600 34.1 42,422 D −60,000 13,000 17.3 19,879 E −50,000 8,000 9.6 −843